Operation Paperclip: CIA files — Part 4 of 4, pages 251–345
CIA survey reports from visits to 60+ German university physics departments and Kaiser Wilhelm/Max Planck Institutes (September–October 1950), plus CIA memos on the JIOA Watch List (March 1952) and a November 1951 intelligence report on Soviet return of German specialists.
345 pages total | Part 4 of 4, pages 251–345 | CIA FOIA C00010786 | Released 2022/06/22
CIA FOIA document C00010786 is a 345-page collection of CIA and Central Intelligence Group records on Operation Paperclip, released June 22, 2022. It covers CIA correspondence with the JIOA, biographic intelligence registers on German scientists, scientist lists, scientific institute survey reports, and internal CIA program assessments. All pages bear the notation "Approved for Release: 2022/06/22 C00010786." This is the first full-text searchable HTML transcription. OCR artifacts are preserved as-is.
Page 251
Institute :
Plece 7
“pirector
Date 3
Vieit Conducted _
by
Other Research
Workers
Encountered 3
Building s
Equipment :
General Impressions
and Remarks :
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Freiburg
Professor GENTNER
Friday, 15 Sep 50.
Professor GENTNER and Peter JENSEN. ~~
MAIER, FESSLER, SMITZ,“ DEUTSCHMAN.
The original- physics laboratory with its equipment, was completely
destroyed by bombing. The physics institute ie now in a building
vhich vas constructed for some other purpose and only partially
destroyed, It is not very well suited for physics, and it is
crowded =
The equipment is definitely poor. However, some nuclear machine
for the institute is, at present, under construction. —
Professor Gentner is certainly a very good physicist. He received
us_very cordially. Gentner chose to go to Freiburg because it
4g in the French occupation zone. He knows many French physicists
and hoped to have more contact with them in this way. This hope
does not seem to have materialized to a great extent. Peter
Jensen°is a young physicist whom I knew as a child and whose
work is promising. 7
That not much work of great interest ie deing done in this
Jaboratory is due to its pize and lack of equipment. This letter
gituation will improve with the completion of the pressure van
der Graaf machine.
Individual Research <5
Projects ‘
s. GERTNER and JENSEN are mainly busy planning for the new -
inetrument. Jensen is doing some theoretical-vork with his =
reamesake_at Heidelberg.
bs GENTNER, with the sssistance of SMIT., is determining the age
of.some beds of potassium chloride >; the content of argon. This
is care and meticulous work, ‘The crucial ratio of the decay
of potasefum into calcium to that into argon is also under
investigaticn.
c. MATER studies liguid crystals with Raman effect and
@. YFESSLER studies X-rays.
@. DEVPSCEMAN works with a Wilson cloud chamber, mainly oD cosmic”
rays; Constant Yecordings are going on on top or the building 88
Yell @s on a mountain above Freiburg to determine the relation of
cosmic-ray intensity with solar activity.
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~ 6.
19, Institute
CHEMISCHES INSTITVE DER UNIVERSITAET, _ |
- + Place. --—5-—-: Freiburg
Director 1 Professor STAUDINGER ~~
Date : Friday, 15 Sep 50,00
Visit Canducted
og : Dr BATZER
Other Research
Workers
Encountered “t Professor STAUDINGER =
Building : This rather large institute was almost completely destroyed by... _
bombing and has been rebuilt, largely by the students. There
was a display of pictures showing the course of reconstruction =. =
in-Professor Staudinger's office, The institute is obviously
proud of the role played by its members in the rebuilding, : a
The building appears to be adequate in size and admirably. con- .. __.
structed fora chemical » ARGEREY, although not modern in 9 = 0
appearance, a
Apparatua : All apparatus appears to be post war, apparently little or none — ssmces
survived_the war, The impression obtained was of a sufficfent
sSupply_to_enable the work to go on without severe limitation, —
in contrast to the impression given by many university_laboratories.
We visited only the high polymer part of the laboratory, and most
of the usual - “ane for “working with macromolecules seemed to _
be present. __
General Impression
and Remarks : This is undoubtedly one of the best macromolecule institutes in
- the world, although there was some slight impression that the 0
recent very rapid advancés_in the US had not been followed ~
sufficiently. For instance, we were told that the Journal saree ES
of-Chemical Physics was not available in Freiburg. Since muc much _
of the recent US advance is published in this Journal, this
appearéd to be a severe lack. Actually, MECKE, in the physical ©
peepee a ee ioe a had the post war Journal of Chemical Physics — ~
as ve later found, :
Professor STAUDINGER is of retirement age, and it was clear that =~
he had not followed or. understood mich of the newer US concepts,
There was complaint of inadequate budget, although this was less
evident in the laboratory than in some others. It is surprising
that just in this field, Which has such enormous immediate
technical possibilities, the German industry is not willing to
support research in this institute. The general-impression, which _~
may be hastily formed, was that the fame and reputation of the — :
institute and ite director vas still attracting good men and
enabling good work to be done in spite of a slight tendency to-
fall behind the times due to the age of the director. ~~
Individual Research
Projects : So much work was under way that only a few special items of
- ical chemical nature might be singled out. Most of the vork of the work
__. de of more organic interest.
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SON eee
-_ aie
a. Light scatters xperiments were being set uy for the measure-
ment of molecular see ere was interest in the details of
iow the US results
“been obtained. The method to be used in-
volved a variation of vave length rather than of angle of
scattering, ~~
i
bd. Osmotic pressure measurements, to investigate molecular 7
weights, and deviations from perfect solution laws were conducted,
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20. Institute { QNOTIIVIE FURR PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIZ DER UNIVERSITART, FREIBURG
EE ES ADE LAS LT FREIBURG
Place t Freiburg
Director 3 Professor R MECKE. _
Dete a Saturday, 16 Sep 50,
Visit Conducted -
by & Professor RMECKE
Other Research
Workere ee
Excountered 3 MACK, Private Dosant
Building + The building had been almost completely destroyed by bombing and
had been rebuilt, largely by the students, The building vas clean,
airy, not too crowled and adequate for the institute,
Equipment 2 Although the equipment and apparatus was far from luxurious,
there appeared to be sufficient for the vork undertaken, Fev
Qpparatus could be weed to advantage, but it was not apparent
that the research was crippled by ite lack, Oo
Adsorption spectrophotometers in visible, wltra-riolet and infrae
red, dielectric constant méasuring set ups, and the necessary
equipment for measuring vapor pressures and Simple thermodynantc
properties of solutions vere available,
General Improssion a : .
and Remarks * The work in this laboratory eppeared ito be careful, precise, and
reliable, although possibly a little uninspired, Professor Mecke
has_concentrated the complete research into one, not very broad
field, vhich he is investigating carefully and thoroughly, and
from all angles. This field is the interactions of molecules
containing OF grows, which is due primarily to vhat decalledi
hydrogen bonding, Spectral measurements, Clelectric constant
meaaurenents, and thermodynaic equilibria are measured, in
Solutions-of phenols and alcohols dn_solvents containing inert
@roups “only such as hydrocarbons, CCl,, etc, and in solution vith
each other, The work of the laborato: Bypears to be strictly
under the direction of Professor Mecke,
Individual Research
Projects : he vork of this laboratory is 80 closely coordinated that the |
. Gescription of individual projects is pointless except {mn connec.
tion with the whole. A few items might be mentioned,
The shift in the OH band due to the "self association” of OR
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21.
Institute
oy
Place
a
Director 2
Date
Visit Conducted
vy
o
Other Research
Workers
Encountered G
Building 13
Equipment - “3
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INSTITUT FUER EXPERIMENTAL THERAPIE —
ele SS
Dr Peter MARQUARDT
Monday, 18 Sep 50.
Dr MARQUARDT
Dr PHILLIPS.
The institute consists mainly of one large double room in the
clinic and the director's office. _
beart beats in vitro, operating tables for small animale 7 ete,
The equipment appeared to be adequate for the work of this small :
institute. _
Apparatus for_recording amplitude and frequency of frog
General Impression
and Remarks i.
Individual Research —
The_visit to this institute vas Gelvinad largely by. personal
friendship with the director, but also because of its_work with
digitalis, Radioactive digitalis is now available fromthe ==
Argonne National Laboratory in Chicago, and would be extremely
useful to the work of this institute,
The institute gives the impression of consisting of a small
group of cooperative and enthusiastic workers, —--~~
Projects ua
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22,
4
Q
t
Institute
Place
Director
Date
Visit Conducted
by
Other Research
Workers
Encountered
Building
Equipment
General Impression —
and Remarks
Individual Research
Projects
oo
a
ee
o
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INSTITUT FUR PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE DER TECHNISCHE BOCHSCHULE, =—~—~S*
‘SIVTTGART.
Stuttgart
Professor GRUBE
Tuesday, 19 Sep 50 0
Dr FLAD ©
Doctors OEHRINGER, SCHMID, HOERNLE.-
The building had been damaged but_had been-completely repaired
and rebuilt, It was adequate in size and well suited for research,
The budget. was poor, and there vas mention of the restriction. -
of research due to this, |
One problem was stopped because the ——__
budget could not stand the 300.DM per month cost for the electricity
to keep a Tauman oven going for the research, Rowever, there
seemed to
work, including quite a bit of special equipment for high
ual material necessary for physical chemical __
temperature research, ~~
3
The high tenperature thermedynanic vork in_this-leboratory seemed
to be good. There was apparently a thorough understanding
thermodynamics involved, and a good sense of how to carry out
experiments,
The work ino
fields was not so impressive,
of the
This was possibly merely an impressiondue- to the special interests | ~
of our guide, Dr Flad, The high temperature work was in the field
of-equilibrium pressures of oxides, phase diagrams »melting points
and_vapor pressures, _ =
ae ‘HOERNLEprepared_Si0_in an oven containing Si and 8102, — —
measuring the weight effused through a known opening,
b. FLAD measured the dissociat
on pressure_of Cr,0
partial pressure
inan
tee ee at_1000° to 100°C by observing the
of 2
passed through the tube, vhich is necessary to prevent
reduction,
¢. OEBRINGER and SCHMID had an impressive ultrasonic apparatus,
but a less impfessive problem.
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23. Institute
MAX _FLANCK INSTITUT FUER MBTALKUENDE |.
Co PIB Ce a ee zs Stuttgart
Director : Professor MP GEBHARD
Date H
Tuesday, 19 Sep50.
Visit Conducted.
by : Professor_GEBRARD,
Building > New, clean, roomy, and apparently well suited for the vork,
Equipment : Apparently everything that vas wanted was available. ——
The ovens and smelting rooms, which seemed tobe planned
on a rather. lavish scale, were not yet completely set up. ~~~
General Impression
and Remarks : Professor Gebhard vas courteous and willing to show everything,
‘put very stiff, All laboratories were exhibited and the work
described, but Do other workers were introduced. Although the i
experiments vere described, the scientific reason for carrying =
2 out the work was-not mentioned, It was not clear whether the
mee experiments were performed with random aim, or whether there
: actually wae a clear program behind them. One had the impression
: that the technical execution of the experiments was probably
excellent... Mt ea
Individual Research
Problems : Only one problem struck us as interesting. By observing the
magnetic susceptibility and its temperature dependence, the ” f
percent of each phase in @ pressed powler of Hi-Cu as a H
function of time could be obtained. ":
pnemmene tate
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ak,
Institute
Place
Director
Date
"Visit Conducted
by
Building :
Equipment
General Impressions
and Remarks :
Individual Research
Problems 3.
' The research work is still very mich in the stage of reconstruc-
. tion. . Most problems were begun, with no results available yet
Be
: Dehavior of a high energy spark
~ 30,000%. Current versus time,
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_ PHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT DER TECHNISCHEN HOCESCHULE
Stuttgart
Professor REGENER
Wednesday,-20 Sep 50,—-— i moaalbe
. The building had suffered some destruction, but rebuilding is
complete.
Modest, shop-built equipment seemed adequate, but difficulties
in purchase of Hew iténs were mentioned,
: This laboratory has an offshoot near the Bodensee for cosmic
" Yay“observation, and also connections with Hechingen. Evidently
the main -intereet lies out of town, To some degree, the Stuttgart |
~ institute seems_to_be a service + Laboratory for the institute - E :
near the Bodensee, ___
The building was very crowded. Eighty students are present in _
~ the-advanced praktikum with adequate room for about 20,
Investigation of the behavior of photographic plates; the een
TAS ' protons in plates were ob L
: Investigate. the conne
sun spots.
ce construction 0 of & counter for the neutron component of commicé
“radiation,
a, In more detail, the work of GLASER on measurement of the __
The temperature goes to about.
Well as luminescence versus ~
time, are measured. Times of 10
In the déginning, the spectrum is
continuous, ” In the later
4s due to free-frée transitions, —
-e. Study of electrets. Question: Are the surface EN nn:
impurities, or sprayed charges, or dipoles? Baigent
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8 econds can be resolved.
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25.
Institute
Place cal
Director
Date
Visit Conducted
by
Other Research
Workers
Encountered
Building
Equipment
General Impression
and Remarks
Individual Researct
Projects
Eall“effects, etc, are be
lasticity of metals, dislocations, and theixy role in slip...
By_clean experimentation, the “slip hardening of aluminum and -_
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INSTITUT FUER ANGEWANDTE UND THEORETISCHE PHYSIK.
Stuttgart.
Professor DEHLINGER and Professor FUES,
Wednesday, 20 Sep 50. *
Professors DEHLINGER and KOCHENDOERFER.
Doctors ROEHM, JAUGHMANN, We met Professor FUES in Bad Nauheim,
The institute ig in a comparatively few rooms; vhich are
pleasant_and well suited for research, The rooms are slightly
crowied, but not objéctionably go.
While not lavish, there appears to be enough for the-type of... _____
experimental work undertaken, —_
This is an institute entirely directed toward the theoretical - :
study of metals. The theoretical work appears to be excellent,
The relatively small amount_of_experimental work is purely an
outgrowth of the theoretical investigations, The experiments are
well thought out, clean cut and neat, and although technically
question. The institute is excellent. —..
8. DERLINGER, ROEEM, KOCHENDOERFER are interested in the
other_single crystals was found to be linear in the strain. —
Good theoretical work somewhat salted with experiments.
by Semi-conductors, This is the work of FUES, We saw JAUCEMANN.
measured. We did not hear too much 7
about thie part since Fueg, the soul of the work; vas out of :
town. It was reported that theoretical work is being done on |
the conductivity_of surface layers.:
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26. Institute + KAISER WILHELM INSTITUT FURR ROENIGEN FORSCHUNG,
Place = Stuttgart,
Director : Professor GLOCKER,
“Date # Wednesday, 20 Sep 50,
Visit Conducted
by
Professor DEELINGER,
Other Research
Workers
Encounterea 3 Professor RICHTER,
Building + Mme building 18 either nev or coupletely rebuilt and is very
satisfactory for the purpose, .
Equipment + Many very large and expensive machines for taking X-ray Photo-
@raphs of massive metallic objects, Engineering testing devices
for making conventional tests of strength of materials,
General Impression ee =--
ond Remarks * The institute ves just dolled up to be "shown" since 9 30-year. —
celebration vas in progress, This gave the impression, which was ___
Probably superficial, that the institute consiated exclusively
of highly polishea apparatus which Was_never used, The collee- ——-_-—
tion was_impressive, Wwe were not informed of any results of
importance obtained with the equipment; The exception to this
impression ig the work of Professor RICETER on_electron = Sane
Giffraction of thin films, which vas excellent pure science,
Individual Research —_—— :
Problens ? RICHTER: — ‘The amo: hous ba
by electron diffraction a = Order of the crys
not the liquid. The more Gistant maxima in the F2(R) curves
correspond to those of disordered tetrahedra, _ ee
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eT.
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Institute : INSTITUT FUER PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE DER UNIVERSITAET, TVEBINGEN,
Place : _.3 Tuebingen,
Director : Professor KORTUEM.
Date __ “ : - Thursday, 21 Sep 50,
Visit Conducted
by : Professor KORTUEM and Mrs KORTUEM, who is also a physical chemist,
Other Research
Workers
Encountered : Dr BINECK, LUCK, DREESEN,
Building : The building was not destroyed during the war, but. is old, and
has not been remodelled or redecorated. It ig exceedingly dark, 2
dingy and small. The institute is cramped into a few basement :
rooms. It is hard to see how there can be enough room for
students during the semester. _ However, every corner is vell
utilized for experimental york,
Equipment : Occupation troops had removed moat_of_the old equipment. Enough
apectrographic and_general physical chemical apparatus was avail- —~
able for_the work undertaken, but the equipment is far from lavish. __
General Impression ;
and Remarks 3 The dinginess of the building was in marked contrast to the —
enthusiastic warmth of our_reception by. the Kortuems, Both are
obviously ‘capable and interested scientists... They utilize the
limited facilities of the institute to the utmost, and appear
to do excellent ‘and interesting work In spite of very_unfavorable ——
conditiona,
Thie laboratory deserves_much better support, Thé contrast with —
the luxury_of Butenant's KWI institute is appalling, Both
Kortuems “impressed _us highly by their scientific ability and
political reliability.
Individual Research
Projects 3 @.— Dr BINECK,
. Spectrum, conductivity, and dielectric constant of solutions —
of metalo-organic compounds in_ether are measured, Example
are Ka_C (CgH.) and Li CgHo. One of the chief problems ia
that-of syntheBis of the e@ compound, :
b. Professor KORTUEM
low_ y ng excited | triplet 1 state, and intend to investigate this,
emong other ways, by measuring the magnetic susceptibility.
e. KORTUEM, — ©
The sbecrption spectra of crystals can be obtained by observing ~~ ~~”
the spectrum found in the reflection of continuous light from a9 >
power of crystals, The reflected spectrum is independént of © a =
eryatal size below a certain fineness of powder. The method __ :
appears to work, and is the only satisfactory method vhen large
crystals cannot be grown,
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a. LUCK,
The dependence of the abso:
Va) on tube Je “and pressure is determined,
light has eufficient spectral breadth to cover many Ip rotation
lines, The results are interpretable in terms of pressure
broadening. The -efféct of foreign gases will be studied.
7 e. DREESEN,
Certain thermochemical quantities, including vapor pressures of
solutions were studied, = E ;
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a SR 7
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28, Institute
KWI FOR BIOCHEMISTRY. ~~
Place : Tuebingen.
_ Director : Professor BUTERANT, ==
Date : Thursday, 21 Sep 50,
Visit Conducted
by : Professor KORTUEM and Dr SCHRAMM. ~
Building : The building is brand new, not very large, but exceedingly
pleasant and well suited,
Equipment : Everything that is needed seems to be present,— There fe an
excellent ultra centrifuge with optical equipment, and a diffusion
cell == = = ee
General Impreesion ee
and Remarks : The work of this laboratory is somewhat out of our line, but
Professor Kortuem wanted us to see the showplace of Tuebingen,
The laboratory is a beautiful building, puilt to the specifications
of the laboratory staff. The contrast with the university _ a
leboratories is striking, and one cannot help feeling that it is
unsound,
This leboratory wes originally in Berlin.” Most of the
d-to TMebingen before bombs got the
» & good deal 6f equipment was
moved to a village. From there it was-stolen by some French =
trucks, but some of it was later mysteriously. retrieved. Equip-
ment left in Tuebingen wes removed by_the French. However,
there has been ample replacement.
professor Butenant vas avay. Most of the history of the laboratory
came-from his wife, who ig @ school friend of nine, — Butenant was
an early member of the Nazi Party. : He is said to hav. a leftis’
leaning and a great deal of resentment against the denazification
procedures,
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29. Institute
PHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT DER UNIVERSITAET.
Place : Tuebingen, - OO
- = : |
Director : Professor KOSSEL. /
~ Date 2: Thureday, 21 Sep 50,
Visit Conducted
by : —
Other Research
Workers
Encountered 3: Miss 7-8 US PhD student.
Building : The_building was old, and had not been deatroyed by bombing. g
It bad also not been remodeled. Although adequate in space, —- == >
and not a rubble pile; it was dark and dingy, and not very — > st
- satisfactory. - Some painting is now being done.
Equipment ¢ Much of the equipment had been lost, largely by removal by hunni
the French-in-the early part of the occupation, Considerable
replacement has-been made, There exists a small van der
or. ' Graaf machine. Various” RES: and electron beam set-ups
vere: shown, =
General Impression
and Remarks z The general impression obtained of the institute was definitely
poor, The problems “attacked seemed to be basically rather un-
interesting, and to lack any genera) aim. The range of interest
was_feirly narrow. It is conceivable that_this impression may
de subjective and due to the type of guidance, -
fact, however, stood.out. The laboratory has_a great” deal of
empty Space. There are more, and better, empty rooms in the
cellar than Professor Kortuem has for the whole department
of Physical Chemistry in which excellent work is done.
different when Geiger had it. e "py -
basement, and the entire pealieue is was ‘filled “with research | oo
work, At present, the "praktikim" is spread over most_of the
laboratory, and research curtailed. Professor KOSSEL is over 60
years of age and probably not very active, ~~~ ~
Individual Research = Ee
Projects 2 8 Various - -instruments for electron defraction,. The main... ++.
pride was an apparatus which pute the sample (mica) into the focus
of a convergent electron beam...The patterns obtained depend on
the thickness of the sample,
b. An X-ray apparatus used for measuring, with great accuracy, ©
the lattice dimensions of crystals. Some refinement of align- —
ment are present_compared to previous similar machines, Only a =
small range of temperature is contemplated,--(PhD thesis, Miss_ —
ARKER, US national.)
ce. Mainly the work of MENZEL and a PhD student - The_seuty of
secomrenecty paconuts single crystals of metals, The single crystale are worked into
: spheres, For copper, this can be done vith a lathe on a single |
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Other Research |
Workers
Encountered : Miss ANKFR, a US PhD student.
Building i The building was old, and had not been destroyed by bombing. i
It bad also not been remodeled. Although adequate in space, i
and not s rubble pile, it was dark and dingy, and not very ~]
satisfactory, Some painting is now being done.
Equipment : Much of the equipment had been lost, largely by removal by
the French in the early part of the occupation, Considerable.
replacement has been made. There exists a small van der
Greaf machine, Various X-ray and electron beam set-ups | ——-—
were shown.
General Impression
and Remarks i The general impression“obtained of the institute was_definitely
poor. The probleme attacked seemed to be basically rather un-
interesting, and to lack any gencral aim, The range of interest _
was fairly narrow. It is conceivable that this impression may
be subjective and due to the type of guidance. An objective
fact, however, stood out. The leboratory has a great deal of
empty-space, There are more, and better, empty rooms in the
cellar than Professor Xortuem has for the whole department
of_Physical Chemistry in which excellent vork is done, _ aes
We heard later from Haxel that the laboratory was_entirely
different when Geiger had it. The "praktikum"” was then in the
basement, and the entire remaining space vas filled with research
vork,-At- present, the "praktikum" fs apread over most of the .........
laboratory, and research curtailed, Professor KOSSEL is over 60
year of age and probably not very active. 2000
Individual Research
Projects : 8s" Various instruments for electron defraction. The main
poide ve was an apparatus which puts the sample (mica) = into the- focus
of a convergent electron beam, The patterns obtained depend on
the thickness of the sample. =
~ nent_are present _ "compared to previous ‘Similar machines, Only. a Bll,
small range of- es is A cpltempiaveds’ -(PhD thesis, Miss
ANKER, US national.)
c, Mainly the work of MENZEL and & PhD ele ar aE of
crystals of metals, The single crystale are vor into
spheres. For copper, this can be done with a lathe on a single
crystal. For zinc, such vork work destroys the crystal structure, . ee
end the crystals must be grown directly in a spherical vessel, =.
Chemical etching produces a microscopic structure showing plateaus,
or the tendency-to form a surface of definite crystal planes, _ a
Evaporation in vacuum shows the same tendency. — —-——_-
a
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30. Institute : INSTITUT FUER PHYSIKALISCRE CHEMIE DER TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE,
KARLSRUHE, =——i—C“—:t*‘“‘“—S*S*SCSSSSCSSSSS
Place : Karlsruhe.
Director : : Professor GUENTHER.
Date ~- 1: Friday, 22 Sep 50.
Visit Conductea
by 3 Dr Hans SIEMONSEN,
Other Research
Workers : ee
Encountered + Dr°GEBERT, Assistant - ultrasonics.
Building : The building is satisfactorily large, It suffered severe damage
during the war and rebuilding is etil) not quite complete, In
rebuilding, some basement rooms in a court with overhead lighting _
make excellent praktikum laboratories. ‘The rooms of the building
are generally pleasant, light and as yet not completely occupied,
: Equipment + Most apparatus was lost during the war, Replacements seem to
sere be edequate for the work, but_as usual it appears that. the budget _
is-such thatthe problems which can be worked on aré somevhat
linited by_the_necessity of avoiding expensive equipment, The _
usual electrochemical equipment, calorimetric equipment, anda few
' setups for producing witrasonic waves were available. Sone _ .
spectroscopic equipment was there,
General Impression ee
end Remarks . : The instituie gave a somewhat empty impression, This was probably
occasioned more by the fact that it bak but _recently become
habitable, rather than because of lack of ideas for problems or ___
lack ‘of studenta. On the other hand,.with the exception of Dr
SIEMONSEN's own problem it was not quite evident that problems of
real scientific impo: @ were being attacked with a clear end
in view. . The problems shown to us were diversified, Possibly
this impression.was only due to some lack of interest of our
guide, Dr SIEMONSEN, rather than an inherent lack of interest
of the problem
Individual Research ~~ = a ee oe
Projects + a, The spectrum of the chemiluminescence of the Grignard reagent
under_oxidation by gaseous oxygen vas under investigation.
bd. The oxidation or dec sition of certain organic molecules _ zo
induced _by ultrasonic waves in water solution. _ The value of this
Problem_vas_not_clear. The decomposition is caused dy. B20, formed
by cavitation of dissolvéd gas in the water. (Gebert).
c. Overvoltage of hydrogen on fron,
a, SIEMONSEN's work was the experimental direct calorimetric” -
measurement of the heat of reaction of chlorine wi metals,
An iron bomb-calorimeter vas used, This work vas tied up with
: the available entropy data from US sources and weed for the
i computation of chemical equilibria, SIEMONSEN impressed me _
as able, and as_Imowing what he was doing and why.
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Institute 3 PHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT DER TECHNISCHES BOCHSCHULE.
Place : Karlsruhe, -
Director 3: Professor GERTBSEN.— ——---------—---—
Date : Friday, 22 Sep 50.
Visit Conducted
by : Professor GERTHSEN,
Other Research
Workers
Encountered :
Building : The old physics building'is practically completely demolished, _- —_—-
About _a year_ago, the present institute was started in the rooms
of a former_barrack_at_the other end of town, The location hag ——-—
many advantages, Beginning students never enter the laboratery.
It 18 completely a research institute, The building is excellently _
suited for a physics laboratory,
Equipment :—On German university standards, the equipment is very good. .
Professor GERTHSEN was_allotted_a fairly generous sum of
money_to atart the laboratory. . However, his-annual budget in
the future is-not_so adequate,
General Impression
and Remarks © ; It is amazing that so mich research can be started in one year.
Thirty-five different_pieces of work are_now being doné, A”
conscientious attempt is made to vary_the-lines of research, _
Professor GERTESEN_seems_to_be_an excellent laboratory director.
Evidently, he used to be a nuclear physicist. He said, "We have —
now changed our line of work". When we pointed out that work in _
nuclear physica was, after all, not forbidden, he remarked that —
he-hated to ask favors. Professor GERTHSEN is & student and .
ardent_admirer_of the late Professor Geiger. He feels very bitter
about the way in which Professor Geiger perished in Berlin, Mrs
Geiger lives in extrem poverty. He feels that some assistance oa
should be given to t (fe of a man to whom nuclear physics ==
owes so mich, Professor GERTESEN made an excellent guide. With
each project, he discussed first the purpose and ultimate end of
the experiment. In each room, sere was on the wall a careful
Individual Research ===== :
Projects : — The vevoratory studies many” problens involving cathode ray
: cree There vas one amising method of increasing the voltage of
positive rays by a factor three; it depends on the fact that, with
residual gas in the tube, H ions may regain, and later lose, an
electron. While neutral, they can pass a gsp in which s charged
ion would lose its energy,
b.. The laboratory contains a van der Graaf machine, analogous
to the one in Tuebingen,
c, Measurements of ads don of en_and ‘ogen.on nickel,
at varying temperatures, are studied, — - 2
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a, The behavior of quartz fiber manometers is studied.in _
detail, A thin plate of mica is attached to the quartz fiber,
and the vibrations parallel to and at right angles to the plate
investigated. ..The net result is that the colliding gas particles
do not get into translational equilibrium with the plate at
normal incidence but do in parallel incidence (for thermal
equilibrium, the accomodation coefficient 4a emaller.than 1),
These investigations make possible the construction of a quartz.
fiber manometer.as an absolute instrument.
___@. The procéss_in the Wilson chamber is studied by bh POLLERMAN,
A burst of cathode rays enters the ¢ er, An electric 1ieid
induces migration of the colums of positive and negative fons. _
The velocity of motion is measured, the increase in ionic
radius-found,—For the negative colums, the formation of visible
droplets occurs_at—one-definite supersaturation, or extent of
expansion_of_the chamber. The positive colum seems to consist
of two different don types, These ions have the same mbility, ..-_—
but form droplets at different degrees of supersaturation, The =
reason for the effect.18 as yét unexplained, E
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“Director
Institute
Place
Date
Visit Conducted
by Hi
Other Research
Workers
Encountered
oy
Building
Apparatus
General Impression
and Remarks :
Individual Research
Frojects 3
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2, ke» GE
PHYSIKALISCH-CHEMISCRES INSTITUT DER UNIVERSITAET HEIDELBERG,
PHYS) ROESEELAES INSTITUT DER UNIVERSITAT HEIDELBERG
Heidelberg, ——
Professor Klaus SCHAEFFER,
Saturday, 23 Sep 50.
Professor SCHAFFFER,...
Dr Fritz ENDER, Assistant (Polarigraphy)
Mr Rudolf NITSCHE, student (Accommodation Coefficients),
The institute is housed in the former residence of Bunsen, It
is_modeatly_small, not too vell suited to scientific work, but has
deen kept in moderately good condition, When students are en-
rolled in_the_"Praktikum", the institute mat: be severely crowded,
Lighting is poor, but not impossible,
As usual, the apparatus is somewhat inadequate, and the choice
of_problems appears _to be somewhat influenced bythe modest
budget. What was _there vas well used, The apparatus consisted
chiefly: “Of glass vacuum set ups, precise electrical measuring _
devices for direct current or. low frequency. alternating current,
and polerigraphs,
Profeesor_SCHAEFFER appears to be intelligent and capable, He 2
is_probably an unusually good teacher. He was_cordial and anxious
to. show his work, and explained its significance well, The work _
in the laboratory_eppeared to be excellent and reasonably well
chosen, although possibly not highly inspired,
Professor SCHAEFFER's main interest is “dn the accommodation
coefficient of gaseous molecules_on metal surfaces, The
necessary data seem to be carefully compiled, and one has the 5»
inpres fon_of considerable_experimental. ingenuity in devising |
methods Of obtaining quantities difficult to measure directly.
On ny request to meet_the best. studente, he introduced Mr Rudolf |
- Hitsche,vho impressed me as thoroughly capable and probably an.
unusual doctorant, He will take his‘ degree shortly.
Professor SCHAEFFER's assistant, Dr Fritz Ender, was severely _ ?
crippled; but impressed me as unusually intelligent. His main
interest seemed to be in the field of polarigraphy but he shows
@ rather wide understanding, This man-is probably a very capable
scientist, —
&. Direct measurement of accommodation coefficient, en eparaed
EL OF accommodation coefficient. —
A wire, temperature determined by_electrical resistance, is heated
in the axial center of a concentric thermostated glass cylinder,
The gas pressure is 10-3 to 10°? mm Bg. Temperature difference is
about 20°C, and temperatures vary from liawla air to plus 300°.
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Other Research
Workers
Encountered : Dr Fritz ENDER, Assietant (Polarigraphy).
Mr Rudolf NITSCHE, student (Accommodation Coefficients),
Building : The institute is housed in the former residence of Bunsen, It
: is modestly small, not too well suited to scientific work, but has
been kept in moderately good condition. When students are en-
rolled in the "Praktikum", the institute mst be severely crowded,
Lighting is poor, but not impossible,
g
2
E
As usual, the apparatus is somewhat inadequate, and the choice |
of problems appears to be somewhat influenced by the modest _ —
budget. What was there vas well used, The apparatus consisted
chiefly. of glass vacuum set ups, precise electrical measuring...
devices for direct current or low frequency alternating current, =
and polarigraphs, «sy
General Impression
and Remarks z Professor SCHAEFFER appears to be intelligent and capable. Ee
is probably an unusually. good teacher, He was cordial and anxious _
to show his work, and explained ite significance vell.— The work
in the laboratory appeared to be excellent and reasonably well
chosen, although Possibly not highly inspiread,;-——____-—__-. — - -
Professor SCHAKFFER's main interest is in the acccamodation __
coefficient: of gaseous molecules_on metal surfaces, The
necessary data seem to_de carefully compiled, and one the
impression of considerable experimental ingenuity in devieing
nethods_of obtaining Avantities difficult to measure directly,
On my request to meet the beat students, he introduced Mr Rudolf.
. Nitsche, who impressed me as thoroughly capable and probably an __
unusual doctorant, He will teke big degree shortly. —
Professor. SCHAEFFER 's_assiatant, Dr Fritz Ender, vas severely we
crippled, but inpreased_me_as_unusvally intelligent. His main |
interest seemed to be_ in_the field of polarigraphy but he shows
a rather wide understanding, _ This_man is probably a very capable
scJentiat, - ai .
Individual Research eS
Projects : a, Direct measurement _of accommodation coefficient, §.- a
SOE 8ccommodation coefficient,
A wire, temperature determined by electrical resistance, is heated
in the axial center o & concentric thermostated glass cylinder,
The gas_pressure is_ "2 mm Hg, Temperature difference ia
about 20°C. and temperatures vary from liquid sir to plus 300°,
The energy loss of the vire in gas snd-vacuum is then compared, _
The heat loss due to the gas can be written as Q = kpx (Cy 4 38/2)
vhere k is 4 calculable constant, x the accommodation coefficients
This_is_a standard method, .
gad 21-25.
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Dd. Comparative method determining x. —
By adjusting P, and Py for. gases 6 and b the Q can be made identical
for tvo gases. By then measuring the heat transferred from a
heated strip to a second wire, vhich is proportional to x*, the
individual ratio of x's in the two gases can be determined, From -
this the heat capacity can be determined if it is unknown for one gas,
oo ; c, Determination of the time of adsorption.
The course of pressure with time when gas flows into an evacuated
space through a long straight capillary is determined. The same 9
measurement. ie _madé witha wire in the capillary, From the
difference the average time spent on the capillary surface can
be computeds 00
4, Polarigraph, _
Dr ENDER is inveatigating the overvoltage : obtained at-the end of =
the riret rise, This is know to be connected with currents in... |
the electrolyte surrounding the forming mercury droplet. Ender is _
convinced that the effect is primarily due to the inhomogeneity _ _
in the electric field at the drop produced by the anode, He ie er oe
ee 8 apparently has very satisfactory experimental confirmation of
this,
potentials.
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33.
Institute :
Place :
- Directors 3
Date - :
Visit Conducted
by
Other Research
Workers
Encountered
Building
Equipment
General Impressions
and Remarks ‘
Individual Research
Projects :
a. 2S
land 2, PHYSIKALISCRES INSTITUT.
Heidelberg,
Professor W BOTHE and Professor HAXEL.
Saturday, 23 Sep 50,
Professor BOTHE, HAXEL and MATER-LEIBNITZ. eacoes vee aa
One assistant of Professor JENSEN - JENSEN (theoretical: physics)
was absent, He was later seen in Hamburg,
The building, which is large and spacious and vas not bombed, is,
at_present, undergoing a thorough reconstruction, since Professor
Haxel has_just arrived, and apace for a second institute is deing
arranged for him. Consequently, not very mich could be seen,
The equipment of this laboratory is quite satisfactory for the. ——
standards of a German university, This is probably due to its . ——
close alliance with the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut for medical :
research, (See below.) —ToToT——_
We vere most.cordially received by Professor BOTHE, HAXEL, and.
MAIER-LEIBNITZ, We had already encountered Haxel and Maler-_
Leibnitz is_an old acquaintance, One received the impression
of.a lively, well conducted laboratory, with excellent cooper clon
of the members, Professor Bothe is an outstanding personality,
and Haxel a younger man of great promise. The combination of these —
two_men with the theoretician Jensen gives promise for excellent.
Progress,
This institute, with the KWI in Heidelberg, is almost the only
Place-in Germany where nuclear physics is extensively pursued,
and vhere relatively big machines are available. ~ Much good work
on.this subject has come out of this laboratory in the past,
&. MAIER-LETBNITZ worka with a cloud chamber in-a magnetic field
and Investigates the scatter of
very beautiful photographs were obtained, dple.
scattering of the scattered electron, Due to the magnetic fiel
one can distinguish between the positron_and thé electron, One
Plate showed the annihilation of a positron, — :
Professor BOTHE investigates the scatterd: of electrons on_
«This was first done with a simple apparatus in the phys:
Taboratory, and is now continued vith -the van der Graaf apparatus _ z
at the KWI. It appears that the scattering forma by Mott is senacaats
not in agreement with the careful experiments, —
&. Professor BOTHE's cosmic ray work is excesdingly interesting,
In the laboratory in the cellar of the building, showers are —
Produced in various_thicknesses of lead, It appears that the shower
intensity versus thickness of lead has three maxima, at 3, 16 and
25 cm of lead. The showera at 16 and 25 cm vere investigated further,
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Workers
Encountered
Building :
Equipment
General Impressions
and Remarks H
Individual Research
Projects 3
ferear RAT Davor -«
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One assistant of Professor JENSEN - JENSEN (theoretical physics) :
was absent, He was later seen in Ramburg. |
The building, which is large and spacious and was not bombed, is,
at present, undergoing a thorough reconstruction, since Professor
Haxel has just arrived, and space for a second institute 1s being
arranged for him, Consequently, not very mich could be seen,
The equipment of this laboratory fs quite satisfactory for the
standards of a German university, ‘This is probably due to its
Close alliance with the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut for medical 9 >
research, (See belov,)
We were most cordially received by Professor BOTHE, HAXEL, and
MAIER-LEIBNITZ, We had already encountered Haxel and Mater- __
Leibnitz is an old acquaintance, One received the tmpression
of a lively, well conducted laboratory, with excellent cooperation
of the members, Professor Bothe 1s an outstanding personality, =
and-Haxel_a younger man of great promises, The combination of-these
two men with the theoretician Jensen gives promise for excellent.
progress,
This institute, with the KWI in Heidelberg, is almost the ‘only.
Place in Germany where nuclear physice is extensively pursued,
and where relatively big machines are available, Much good work
on this subject has come out of this laboratory. in the past.
a8. MATER-LEIBNIT2 works witha cloud chamber-in a magnetic field
and investigates the scatter of positronson electrons, Some
P= bi photographs were obtained, One shows multiple
scattering of the scattered electron, Due to the magnetic field, ..
oné_can distinguish between the positron and the_electron, (One --- - _
plate showed the annihilation of a positron. -
Professor BOTHE investigates the scattering of electrons_on
nuclei.—This wes firet done with a siz e@ apparatus in the phys
Taboratory, -end is now continued with the van der Graaf apparatus — -
at the KWI,_It.appears_that the scattering forma by Mott is.
not in agreement with the careful experiments,
c. Professor BOTHE’s cosmic ray work is exceedingly interesting.
In the laboratory in the cellar of the building, showers are
produced in various.thicknesses_of lead, It sppears that the shower
intensity versus thickness of lead has_three maxima, at 3, 16 and
25 cm of lead. The showers at 16 and 25 cm vere investigated furth
Both are exceedingly narrow and consist probably of only 2
From their penetration, the shower particles seem to be mesons.
The shower producing particles for the shower at 3 cm of_lead_ comes
from shovers in the valls only, Those for_the. showers at 25.cm of ae
lead are_neutral, This 4s puzzling, i a
_ 8814021-/77 )
ne |
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wu. 3h, : Institute... : KAISER WILHELM INSTITUT FUER MEDIZINFORSCHUNG, ABTEILUNG PHYSIK. =
Place : Heidelberg.
Director : Professor-W BOTHE,
Date : Monday, 25 Sep 50.
Visit Conducted
by : Dr MATER-LETBNITZ, E 7 -
Other Regearch .
Workers
Encountered : Professor BOTHE, == ===
Building : The duilding was constructed about 1930, and is very elegant and
spacious» but _it_is almost wholly occupied by the-US 4th Medical ~~~
Laboratory! In addition to the cyclotron room and the Van der _—o
Graaf room, only two laboratories_are_available to the physicists,
This is exceedingly regrettable, since it makes efficient work _
with the two machines, which are unique in Germany, almost impossible.
2 Equipment : A13-M.E.V. cyclotron, the only one in Germany; it is mostly used
to irradiate samples medical research, A Van der Graaf, the
~ largest I bave so far seen in Germany, but emall compared to US
standards, _ -
General Impressions ---——— iy suasoases Om SY a
and Remarks =: The place is almost too crowled to work, The research vorkers we 9
met are mostly the same as in thé Physica Laboratory (see above), ss
Individual Research - Se ee
Projects ¢ @. MATER-LEIBNITZ ie invest:
“et_angles of 2
tion takes place.
bd. MAIER-LEIBNITZ aleo attempts to get an accurate K capture SC
: ko positron ratio for various elements.
c.. The Van der Graaf machine is, at present, used to accelerate
x electrons, and Profe BOTHE's work on scattering of electrons
on nuclei is extended,
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35. Institute XAISER-WILHELM INSTITUT FUER CHEMIE,
- Place : Mainz,
__ Director : Professor STRASSMANN, 0 |
Date : Tuesday, 3 Oct 50, ,
Visit Conducted
by Professor STRASSMANN,
Other Research _
Workere -
-- Bncountered--- : Dr FLAMMERSFELD.
Dr LUDWIG WALDMANN.
Dr. ALFRED. KLEMM,
Building
re
The institute is housed.in two buildings, one, which houses the
high energy machines is absolutely new, the other, in which most
of the offices and laboratories are to be located, 1s being
remodeled froma former large machine shop, == =.
The_new building for the high voltage equipment seems to be |
excellently_designed for the purpose.
The-other-building is by no means completely finished, The —
rooms and laboratories which have.been completed are pleasant, | ~~ -~
large, and apparently very suitable for laboratories, ——s—-
Equipment s . The outstanding piece of equipment is a high voltage linear
accelerator, capable of producing an ion beam of 0.8 milli .
ampere at 1.3 million electron volts energy, A Van der Graaf
machine in a pressure tank capable of withstanding 20 atmospheres
pressure, and exp: produce an ion beam of three to four
million electron volts is being assembled, Both machines vere _
constructed_during the var, and have been moved from Berlin,
highest resolution of any instrument in the world, is set up _
and operating. Other mass _spectrographs are expected to be
installed,
In addition, there are numerous_counters and scalers for
measuring radioactive materials and an apparently adequate supply
of all ordinary electrical equipment; vacuum pumps, and similar
apparatus used in nuclear research, :
General Impressicns
and Remarks ': This laboratory is the direct descendent, with the same name, ut
of the institute of Hahn and Meitner,; in which nuclear fission
was discovered. It had been hoped that Hahn would continue as
director, but as he did not, bis collaborator, Strassman now has
the direction, The physicist, Mattauch, who succeedéd Méeitner,
has.spent two years in Bern, waiting for the completion of the
building, He will-return soon, :
The laboratory givea the impression of a new, growing institute,
staffed with an enthusiastic competent staff, who were producing
good scientific results while at the same time devoting 4 con-
siderable portion of their time to the construction of new
equipment, ————______.__._____ ____ -
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Projects
a
"Whe apparatus consists essentie
' ‘similar to the electropionetic method of separating protein
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The staff were all comparatively young. They remarked, in dis-
cussing various pieces-of apparatus-and methods, that their
techniques had not yet caught up with recent US advances in the
field, but they seemed to be well aware of these improvements, and
fully capable of making use of them,
- hy
This is a laboratory which should be expected to produce many
useful results in the near future,
A considerable portion of the staff effort is spent in constructing
and rebuilding of the large machines.
a. Dr FLAMMERSFELD had discovered an isomeric state of
half life and about 1007 keV energy in Se
theoretically expected region, but the life is shorter than that
predicted theoretically.
ages can be obtained by a statio method.
in a cylindrical tube. hy ough —— =
which the-| two_ gases flow, separated from each other. by a ieabrane”* a
i Where the membrane stops, diffusion starts, _
Every} position down the tube corrésponds to a time interval after.
the start of diffusion.
(1) .. Inthe apparatus described above, a temperature difference —
between the two gases occurs in the diffusion region. This
predictable_effect has been measured for:the first time,
(2) Dr WALDMANN has interested himself in the Xinetic theory cima
of such effects as that shores and in the theory of exchange
reactions.
een investigating a method for the separation ==
“palts, which is in principle at least, —
fractions. If an electric current passes vertically through _
molten ZnCl, floating on | molten PoClo; j ithe. Cl"_ions_move_in_one _ _
direction and the positive Pot * and a ++4n the opposite. The. —_
molten PbCl, has é higher conductivity than ZnCl so the poundary 2
stays sharp if the furan te ie passed in such a direction that the
zgnt+ ions follow the Pott (positive current flowing downward). ~
By a simplé device of constraining the current.to pass through 6 ”
relativély thin tube connecting two large reservoirs the actual ©
position of the two fluid boundary remains almost_stationary.
An isotope separation should occuy in the ZnClo near the boundary. —
Analyses have not yet béen iiade on the zinc samples.
Sweden is contemplating attempting to use the method for the
separation of Uranium isotopes, This might. conceivably be of
interest to the Atomic Energy Commission.
In order to prevent convective mixing, the tube in which the’ _
current flows ie filled with glass splinters, The packing of
these is poor. Consequently, glass besds of some 0.1 m_ Qiameter
or -less-are produced by dropping the glass powder through 6 Tanman
oven heated to 2000°¢, An Alg03 tube ds used to protect the glass
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Individual Research
Projects
- which the two gases flow, separated from each other by a membrane
_ between the_two gases_occurs in the diffusion region. This”
‘current flows 4@ filled with glass splinters, The packing of
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and rebuilding of the large machines,
&. Dr FLAMMERSFELD had discovered an isomeric state of 3-minute
half life and about 1 keV energy in Se/7, This is in the
theoretically expected region, but the life is shorter than that
predicted theoretically.
’. Dr WALDMANN has developed an apparatus by which diffusion co- _
efficients of gases can be obtained by a station method, _.
{he apparatus consists essentially in a cplindsicat tube through
parallel to the tube. Where the membrane stops, diffusion starts.
Every position down the tube corresponds to a time interval after... -
the start of difflsion, = =———S
(1) In the apparatus described above, a temperature difference
predictable effect has been measured for the first time.
(2) Dr WALDMANN has interested himself in the kinetic theo: ee
of such effects “as that above; and in the theory of exchange. met a
yeactions. a
c. Dr KLEMM has been investigating a method for the separation _
of isotopes, using molten salts, which is in principle at least, —
similar to the electrophonetic method of separating protein _
fractions, If an electric current passes vertically through 990) 2
molten ZnCl, floating on molten PeCly, the Cl” ions move in one
direction and the. poaitive Po?’ and Zat*in the opposite. The “9
molten PbCl, has a higher conductivity than ZnCl5 so the boundary
stays sharp if the current is passed in such a direction that the — -
znt+ ions follow the Pot * (positive current flowing downvard).
By a simple device of constraining the current to pass through a
relatively thin tube connecting two large reservoirs the actual is
position of the two fluid boundary remains almost stationary.
An-isotope separation should occur in the-ZnClp near the boundary. |
Analyses have not. yet been made on the zinc samples,
Sweden is contemplating attempting to use the method for the _ es
separation of uranium isotopes, This might. conceivably be of
interest to the Atomic Energy Commission,
In order-to prevent convective mixing, the tube in Vhich the
these is poor.” Consequently, glass beads of some 0,1 mm diameter =
or legs are produced. “by dropping the glass powler through a Tanman
oven heated to 2000°%C, An Alp03 tube is used to protect _the glass
The beads, seen through the
from the graphite wall# of the oven.
WR 8 21-1830
F ———
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36. Institute
Place
Director -
Date
Visit Conducted ~
by -
Other Research
Workers
Encountered
Building
Equipment
o
General Impressions
and Remarks
Individual Research -
Projects
:
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ee ‘ est
FRYSIKALISCHES CHEMISCHES INSTITUT DER UNIVERSITART MAINZ.
Mainz,
Frofessor SCHULZ.
3 Oct 50.
Dr CANTOW.
Dr MEYERHOFF_
Fri, Dr-MARX =
HE DOLL 4 -
The building is a remodeled one-story garage, without cellar,
Although reagzonably satisfactory, it does not make ideal laboratory...
space. a re
The vhole university is housed in a former Flak post, the. general
studies and humanities occupying the former. barracks » and the
physics and chemistry occupying garage space and ¥épair shop
Quarters. New additions, in particular, two large lecture rooms
are to be built as additions to the chemistry_and physics institutes, _
A_good ultracentrifuge, osmometers,
a few small spectrographs,
and the usual physical chemical apparatus.are available, The
equipment_appeared to be adequate, but, except for the ultra-
centrifuge, not exceptional,
The ultracentrifuge was an air driven; vacuum contained rotor type,
with the usual index of refraction camera for depecting the
sedimentation boundary. Beside it, and arranged to use the same
camera,-was an apparatus for measuring diffusion coefficients,
The director, Professor SCHULZ, was avay on vacation. The assistant,
Dr CANTOW, who took us around, was young and enthusiastic, Possibly . _
the influence of his guidance is responsible for the impression _
of a fresh enthusiasm, but slight lack of background, in the vork — _
of the laboratory. E
The whole institute vorke in the field of large molecules, Most
of the work is centered about artificial polymers, particularly | 2
polystyrene. Some work fe done with cellulose, and cellulose
derivatives, and it is_intended to include work on proteins, |
a. D¥ CANTOW vas constructing a light scattering apparatus,
arranged to measure the scattering as a function of wave length
and angle. He was. intending to we centrifugation to optically
purify the .
Db. Dr MEYEREOFF had charge of_the ultracentrifuge The molecular
lution,
weight of polystyrenes were being measured, _.
H DOLL was in the laboratory of Dr Helfritz, who vas not there,
c. 3 the laborato)
Osmotic pressure measurements seemed to be the chief occupation of
this room. Doll_ tea a nav tyma namomater, developed by
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Dr CANTOW,.
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by
Other Research
Workers
Encountered Dr MEYEREOFF
Frl. Dr MARX
E DOLL
wy
B
EB
&
The building ig a remodeled one-story garage, without cellar,
Although reasonably satisfactory, it does not make ideal laboratory -
sence apace. .
The whole university is housed in e former Flak post, the geiieral
studies and humanities occupying the former barracks » and the
physics and chemistry occupying garage space and Tepair shop
quarters, New_additions, in particular, tvo large lecture rooms_
are to be built as additions to the chemistry and physics inatitutes,
Equipment
A good ultracentrifuge, osmometers, a few small spectrographs,
and the usual physical chemical apparatus are_available, The
equipment appeared to be adequate, but, except for the ultra-
centrifuge, not exceptional,
The “ultracentrifuge was en air driven, vacuum contained rotor type,
with the usual index of Fefraction camera for Gepecting the __
sedimentation boundary. Beside it, and arranged’to wee the same
camera, was an apparatus for measuring diffusion coefficients,
General Impreseions .
and Remarks : The director, Professor SCHULZ, was away on vacation, The assistant, -
Dr. CANTOR, who took us around, was young and enthusiastic. Possibly 7
the influence of his guidance is responsible for the inpression
of_a fresh enthusiasm, but_slight lack of background, in the work
of_the laboratory._
The whole institute works in the field of large tb
of the work is centered about_artificial polymers, particularly. _____
polystyrene, Some work is done with cellulose, and cellulose
derivatives, and it is intended to include work on proteins,
Individual Research
Projects + 8. Dr CANTOW was constructing a light scattering spparatus, §
arranged _to measure the scattering as a function of wave Length
and_engle, Re-was intending to use centrifugation to optically
purify the solution, —_—__
b. Dr_MEYEREOFF had charge of the ultracentrifuge, The molecular.
weight of polystyrenes were being measured,
c. E DOLL was in the laboratory of Dr Helfritz, who was not there,
- Qsmotic pressure measureme) eemed to be the chief occupation of |
thie room, Doll exhibited a new_type osmometer, developed by
Helfritz; which came to equilibrium in a few hours, instead of
several days.
a... Fri. De MARX was engaged in reinvestigat: the rolysis of
cellulose about vhich there is disagreement in the literature,
8340 24 -/f3/
a
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cusiecene ay Institute - : PHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT DER UNIVERSITAET, MAINZ, =
Place : Mainz.
Director 2 Professor KLUMB.
Date 3: Tuesday, 3 Oct 50.
Visit Conducted
by : Professor KLUMB.
Other Research
Workers
Encountered > Dr XLAGES ee
Dr. DAENZER”
Building ‘The building; Like that of the chemical and physical chemical
laboratory, _ a remodeled one story garage, reasonably satis-
factory, but not_ 2 laboratory purposes. A foundation
fora new lecture room bas been-laid, but construction is not
going on at present.”
The equipment is modest, There is, however, a good shop, and”
very considerable space and machines for training me schanic.
Ae apprentices, as well as for the technical training of students
in machine-shop methods. ;
General Impression " F
and Remarks :. Professor KLUMB appeared to be somevhat more interested in the
teaching and pedagogical responsibilities of the institute than
in the research projects. Reséarch ie-lergely left to the
more fortinate colleagues at the KW1._ Not an inspiring
leboratory.
Individual Research _ - : -
Projects — : a, Professor KLUMB is mainly interested in vacuum techniques.
Quartz fiber manometers were used, a6 in. Kerlerube. Ss”
b. Dr_DAENZER ie said to de interestéd_in nuclear yuete It
acens that his main occupation consiste in supervising Diplom :
i candidates, One of them constructed a rather cute miniature t
fet , model cyclotron, for the aéceleration of electrons. _
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38.
Institute
Place
Director
Date
_ Visit Conducted
“by
Other Research
Workers
Encountered
~~ Bullaing
stages
General Impression
and Remarks
Individual Research
Problems
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= 50+
INSTITUT FUFR PRYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE DER TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE,
DARMSTADT.
Tarmstadt,
No actual director at eegrewenty the temporary director is Professor
WITTE, Oe
Wednesday, 4 Oct 50.
Professor WITTE,
Several students and assistants.
qesavatories? — Compared with other “Hessian institutes, this one —
ie in fair. condition and | “almost_ adequate 3 a size at the present
troops, vhich never “geens “to be good for pelentific instruments,
Several modern X-ray cameras vere eileble. “In view of the
later remarked i general lack of support
Professor WITTE fe interested in metal structure, and the Felation ~
vetveen chemical structure ani the physical properties dueto
filling the Brillouin zon “Professox WITTE impressed us a5
ent formerly 6 mineralogist,— doctored —
under. Goldschmidt in Goettingen, and collabérated with Laves, now
in Chicago. The vork of the institute is now limited to physical _
chemical problems related to metals.
One story told here deserves repetition. | WITTE had wanted an
FP-54 radio tube from General Electric to use in an amplifier,
After Yeceiving no response to two letters addressed to the
Bchenectady offices, he inquired at the GE “Filial” in Frenkfurt
and vas told that the Atomic merey Commission forbade its export
from_the US.
The FP-54 is 8 simple pentode of price sbout US$5.00, having an...
unusually highplate to filament reeistance, and manufactured © -
since 1935_or earlier, It 46 incrédible to us that the AEC can,
or wishes to, forbid its export. I presume the” Frankfurt agency -——-
only wished to find @ simple excuse to avoid handling @ small :
but troublesome order. This type of experience is not good
propaganda: for the US,
Crystal atructures of alloys, in connection with other measurements
on the same alloys, were determined wsifg X-ray methods.
The mametic suscep ibtlitios of alloys, as a function of varying
composition, and ce varying filling of the Brillouin zones,
were determined.
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The solubility of hyarogentn_slLoys, alee as a function of
Brillouin zone filling, was determined, Solubility decreases
markedly asthe zone is filled,
Catalytic effect for hydrogenation reactions for the same alloys
were being studied.
Among the alloys under investigation were sets MgZn, to MgCu, and
Ne2ng to MeNin.
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39.
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Place
Director
Date
Visit Conducted
by
Other Research
Workers
Encountered
Building
Equipment
oy
- 52 -
INSTITUT FUER PRAKTISCHE MATHEMATIX.
Det
Darmetait.
Professor A WALTHER. ~~
Wedneaday, 4 Oct 50.
Dr DREYER.
None,
The institute is in a few rooms on the third floor of a wing of |
an othervise uninhabitable building, which ig undergoing re- :
construction. The few rooms were pleasant,
Several wnits_of a machine similar to the Bush analyzer were
in operation, The machine integrates partial differential =
equations up-to the second order.
utor is contemplated. At the time of —
“decimal vergus binary system was under —
consideration,
General Impression ===
end Remarks
The director, Professor WALTBER, vas in the US atthe time of
our_visit,~ The mén in the institute seemed to be intelligent,
capable, and interested in their work, —
A refréshing desire was noticed to make their computor simple
to use, rather than "logical" in construction. This was pleasant ~
to us; since we feel that some of the US_machines under con- .
struction may be capable of handling prodigious problems, but ~
that a PhD in calculating machinés will be 4 requirement before
a problem can be placed on them, . This group seemed to be con-
scious-and appreciative of this difficulty, —
The opersting analyzer was made to doa problem for us. _
One unit reads a curve dravn with India ink on paper, and follows —
the line to-0,l mi.” The paper ia about one meter on edge giving
a precision of.about one part in 10°, — _ PER de ox
Tue final unite, tvo in number, drav the integrated result and
its derivative to the same accuracy. The numerical results can
also be printed,
Between these tvo units are a miltiplier and an integrator,
The unite are electrically coupled. ; A
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‘4O. Institute
PEYSIKALISCEES INST:UT DER TECHNISCHEN HOCESCHULE,
Place : Darmstadt,
Director : Professor RAU (actually retired).
Date 3 Wednesday, 4 Oct 50,
Visit Conducted
by : Professor Rudolf GEBAUER. 2 2
Other Research
Workers
Encountered 3: Dipl Phys ULM, _
Building 3 This laboratory functions literally in the cellar of a ruin, :
From_the outside, one has the ispredgion of a totally destroyed — —
and.uninhabitable place. The few basement rooms are dirty and
crowded, Just now some rebuilding has been undertaken, and a
number of light and pleasant rooms
research, = DET wae
Equipment : There exists a good "Werketatt". Otherwise, we saw only.two
good Steinheil 3-prism spectrographe, each with the necessary “ron
equipment to produce_canal rays of hydrogen, and to obsérvé the =
Stark effect, or. the-linesplitting in strong electric fields,
General Impression
and Remarks : The working conditions in this laboratory are the poorest so far
encountered, We were received very cordially by Professor
GEBAUVER;- who seemed to enjoy having a chance to discuss hie work.___
He vas very enthusiastic_and kept us way over the lunch hour,
Professor GEBAVER's main interest is in the etudy of the Stark == =
effect, which by_now has become rather old-fashioned; but his
work 1e_good and accurate, Besides, there ia. some work on
centimeter waves, ——*__,
Mr_ULM was one of the few examples of students who talked freely ~ 2 i
and did not just stand at attention while the professor was present. -
Individual Research
Problems 3 a, Very hice “spectra of the Stark effect in hydrogen were shown,
up.to field etrengthe of 14MeV per cn,
by The Stark effect in calcium is obeerved by bombarding a piece =
of calefum with the hydrogen canal rays, ~~ ~-° °° >
c. Hydrogen canal rays are also observed when the electric
field is first parallel, then anti-parallel to the direction of
the beam, or vice versa, There are puzzling changes in intensity,
a.. If the electric field is at right angles to the beam, but...
not uniform, the spectra taken simultaneously by two spectro- |
graphs from the side of strong and weak fields differ in relative -_
intensity of the Stark components, This is puzzling, and Pro 9
GEBAUER 18 now intending to study the absorption of the light
from one canal ray dy another, at slightly different fields, 9-0
e. Calculations on Klystrons are normally. made-by_assuming that |
the positions where the field changes are infinitely thin, GEBAURR) ~~ _
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by
Other Research
Workers
Encountered
Building
Equipment
General Inpression
and Remarks
Individual Regearch
Problems
os
Prof‘Approved for Release: 2022/06/22 C00010786
Dipl Phys ULM.
This laboratory functions literally in the cellar of a ruin,
From the outside, one has the impreseion of a totally destroyed
and uninhabitable place, The few basement rooms are dirty and
crowded, Just now some rebuilding has been undertaken, and a
number of RES and pleasant rooms will soon be available for
research, __-
There exists a good "Werketatt", Otherwise, we saw only two
good Steinheil 3-prism spectrographs, each with the necessary
equipment to produce canal rays of hydrogen, and to observe the
Stark effect, or the linesplitting in strong electric fields,
The-working conditions_in this laboratory are the poorest so far
encountered, We were received very cordially by Professor | i
GEBAUER,; who seemed to enjoy having a chance to discuss hie work, _ ss
He_was very enthusiastic and kept us way over the lunch hour, _- _
Profeésor GEBAUER's main interest ie in the study of the Stark
effect, which by now has become rather old-fashioned; but his
work-is good and accurate, Besides, there ig some work on — == =~
centimeter waves,
Mr ULM was one of the few examplea of students who talked freely
and did not just stand at_attention while the proféséor was present,
a. Very nice spe of the Stark effect in
ogen-were shown,
up_to field strengths of ViMeV per cm.:
_b...The Stark “effect in calcium ie obeerved by. bombarding a piece —
of calcium with the hydrogen canal rays,
c, Hydrogen canal rue are also observed when the electric
field is first parallel, then ‘anti-paralie) | “to the direction of
the beam, or vice versa, There_are puzzling changes in intensity.
a, If the electric field is_at right angles to the beam, but. ssi
not uniform, the spectra taken Aiea ienecunly by two apectro-
graphs from the 8 ‘Side of strong ¢
from one_canal ray by another, at slightly different fields. ~~
e. Gal eutations on Hiystrong are norwally_made by assuming thaté _
the positions where the field changes are infinitely thin, GEBAUER
has made calculations in which he takes into account the fact =
that the field is zero_over a finite distance between the two
chambers, The numerical integrations made show that the résults™
are-quite differant from_the simple case, and new conditions of
optimum efficiency are obtained, |
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41, Institute
PHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT DER UNIVFRSITAET, FRANKFURT.
Place 3 Frankfurt,
‘4
Director : Profes2zor Marianus CZERNY.
Date : Thureday, 5 Oct 50," ~
Visit Conducted
by 2
Building
Profesgor CZERNY, Dr HONERJAEGER and Dr MUESER.
The laboratories consist cf about six rooms that have been re-
puiit in that portion of the building which was moat severely — ~~
turnt out, The rest of the building is a ruin with a few barely
habitsble rooms, in one of which the director's office is located,
The lecture room is still a ruin of which the steel supporting
members-of the roof alone have been’ repaired, The roof etill
, has gaping holes,- Repair and rebuilding of the institute ie
: in progress, but apparently elowly and with little intent of
completion in calculable time. The few completed rooms were.
satisfactorily suited for research.
Equipment
Through the use of the ghop of the institute, and the construc-
tion in the laboratory_of pieces _of appara* us normally Een ee
there-is adequate equipment for infrared investigations (CZERNY),
high frequency ie cm_to 8 meters) research (HONERJAEGER), and Bemt
conductor work ER). There was a Rowland 3-meter: concave
‘grating._The sive was not destroyed, and is quite, vadequate, |
General Impression i ,
and Remarks 3s At first; Dr CZERNY gave the impression of being tired and dis-
f couraged with the constant rebuilding and redestruction (during .
the-war) of the institute, He firat showed us the ruing, and the
extent of the institute as it_had been, 0000. W.
The shop; although still badly housed;: appears to be good,
After.this- somewhat discouraging display ke called peetora ne
EONERJAEGER and MUESER and with them guided we through ‘the ss
repearch rooms.
Although the institute 4s obviourly handicapped by lack of money
there ig an enormous energy expended in getting what appears to .
be very—good- and first-class work started, Dr HONERJABGER con-
structs his_own magnetrons, for instance. The spectrographic
equipment for infrared work appears to be excellent, although
lacking entirely the large automatic recording instruments common _
in the US, ver weit ie
Individual Research . Z it
Projects t Be “ WESER. — The. Hall effect in curso as function of the temperature
end. en pressure is being investigated. The oxygen pressure
: (which ic extremely emall) te adjusted by passing almost completely
pure No over & mixture of Cu and Cuz0 ata definite temperature.
When the CugO has an excess cf oxygen and the normal Hall effect —
is expected, and with a deficiency of oxygen the anomalous effect
is expected, There are conflicting results in the literatyre,
maie without careful control of the Op presaure,
ae MIBSER. The (very high) photo sone ey of the tag"
moe oniuctivity is investigated in single crystals,
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c. HONERJAEGER, The dispersion of K Cl oryetace in the region
of centimeter vaves 16 dé: measured, it 16 intended to determine
whether this is due to the 60 mm atedrption band alone, or whether
there is a lower frequency abeorption.
a. HONERJAEGER. Absorption by gaces in the centimeter wave
Length region 16 measured. _
e. HONERJARGER. Absorption and dispersion by alphansphthaline
liguia over a range of frequencies from a few centimetere to lower
wave lengths is measured, This is dove to investigate whether ——_—
the dispersion can be accounted for by & Bingle damping constant.
f. HONERJABGER, The dielectric constant of the plasma ina...
diszharge tube is measured and used to determine the density of- :
the electron gas in the plaema. The dielectric constant is lees _
than unity _by sbout_one part in 10-9 but the meazuremepts can 9
be made to an accuracy of as grest az one part in-lo-f,
g. C2EKNY=~Very short period bolometers_ were constructed by =
evaporating metal onto a thin cellophane sheet ana using the ~~
change of resistance with temperature as a measure of the —
radiation intensity. Periods of 1/20 gesoniz are obtained.
As the metal thicknéss increases from z¢r0 the absorption of the
metal film inéreases, and the reflectivity also. There existe
an optimum ss at whith 25% of the energy is reflected,
25% transmitted, and 50f absorbed. —_
h, .The-short period detectors are used with infrared modulated
(mechanically) with a frequency of a few cycles per second, to |
mesaure the absorption of solid and molten glass, The intense
tniform emieeion of the gises 16 thus eliminated, The thickness _
of tha ¢ 4s changed by sending the light vertically down and
reflecti froma platinum mizror at various depthe. _
4. Athin film having the cumilative-characteristic. ofa photo-
graphic plate is being developed for thepurpoge of obtaining
a-permanent image of an infrared spectrums So_ 1 euc Z
been only partial. @ is aleo inveetigated by GOBRECHT,
Berlin.)
A very thin collodion film is used aga baze on which 6 paraffin
oil is evaporated in vacuum, The film ie-thin enough to show
interference fringes. When expose d, like @ photographic plate,
to the spectrum, the oil evaporates at the dntenge lines, and
the interference colors change. When exposed to the air the
high preegure prevents evaporation and a photograph, with ordinary
light, of the film can be made. -
At present, the films become mottled after exposures longer than
two minutes, Thia prevents use of the cumlative effect. a an
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Institute
Place
Director (Acting)
Date — :
Visit Conducted -
by
_ Other Research
Workers
Encountered
Building
Equipment
General Impression
and Remarks
Individual Research
Projects
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- 56 =
FHYSIKALISCH-CHEMISCHRS INSTITJI DER UNIVERSITAEL, FRANKFURT.
Frankfurt.
Profeagor MAGNUS.
Thuradsy, 5 Oct 50,
FProferzor MAGNUS and HARTMANN, = =
Dr Avaold MUENSTER
Dr KLAAR
The institute is housed in one repaired wing of the same large- -
ruijne'in which the physical institute ie located. -The space ig-———
small, and the few, rather well suited rooms, are rather crowled, ._.
“Most of the equipment is of the modest type most used in physical
chemical research, There exists some gocd epectrographic equip-
ment, namely one three-priem Steinhes] spectrograph, 2 quartz ~ — =
spectrometers; 1 fluorite vacuum spectrometer, and they expect
to get an-infrared spectrograph. The shop is very amall, and. = >
eeene to contain only two emall lathes, but appears to have a
good master mechanic,
Profeteor MANUS, who 18 70 years old, is probably Hot aa om
etanding eclentiet, He gave the impression.of being interested
in modern developments, although not unleratanding them, He.
probably is a good_teach feame to have the ability to
recogaize e204 work {n othere, He ie probably.an excellent a
director to work with, pon. e2cens_ to collest excellent talent —
around him... a ‘
HARTMANN scems_to have broad theoretical interests, and is
probably a very good acientist, His discigaion of-theoretical ~~
probleme_was interesting, and gave the impreesion of extreme
competence and considerable originality...
ecientiste in Germany interested fa statiztical mechanical
problems: He i¢ Jax Af tavght (pact-of his education comes
years, In view of this history, his grasp-of theoretical
statistical mechanics vould indicate a very good ability.
The workers in the department appear to be on excellent personal
term: with each other, One * ranieis staineten of @ cooperative
The university is half etate and half city eupported. -Apparently,
the city has not always paid its contribution, which accounte —
for the poverty of the institute...
queers. were geveral ainintag end simple pieces of apparatus constructed
by MAGNUS which demonstrate experimentally laws Which are well -
known to be correct. For inetance, an apparatus for measuring ween
the pressure difference at the bottom of two long colums of = = =
different gazes was present,
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a. MAGNUS. A simple, but very precize bosb calorimeter for.
ee mearuring beats of combustion with great precision was in
operations
-57-
The calorimeter is of copper, and the comparison standard is —
an_aluminun block hung under the calorimeter in vacuum, A
multiple element thermocouple capable of detecting 1073 degrees
centigrade connects then, — :
Tne_heat of combuation of varioua organic-aromatice with four or
More fused rings have been measured, and compared with theory
(Bartmann), The deviations from the theoretically computed valued
occur only when- steric hindrance prevente a planar configuration, __ ;
b.~ The fonization potential of ph }
measured by_a_Franck-Hertz method. ~ $ are irregularwith —.
the different halides, eh ie ae yet inexplicable, Theze 4
rerults check those in the literature which vere suspected of
being false,
~monohalides_have_been j
fe 8 have been interpre y Or
» the lowest D level of Mt** eplite into to levels in
the octahedral field, which calculate to give the feparation of
the_obsery olet_b
d. The lower eymmetry of Ti Cl, (H,0),+
sd_states, of which the transition “
from the-lower_explains the green line, > 5 =
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43,
Date
Institute 3
Place
Director
Visit Conducted
by
Other Research -—
Workers
Encountered 3
Building
Equipment
o
General Impression
and Remarks Fe
Individual Research
Projects 2
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CHEMISCHES INSTITUT.
Giessen,
Profesaor WEITZ (Stellvertender).
Saturday, 7 Oct 50.
Professor WEITZ and KOHLSCHUETTIER.
One ssaietant,
About one-third of the original institute haz been completely
deztroyed, Very little repair or reconstruction hae taken place,
80 the_institute has inadequate space, and that is ola and in diss
repaix. The praktikew roome are too amall, ani not particularly |
conveniently arranged, We eaw only one research room, which
isreasonably large, and in which WEITZ and hie agsietant work,
Except for_the usual glase bottler, beakers and test tubes there
is_practically no apparatus. The weighing room has one modern
and one old semi-micro balance, one good analytical balance, and
weveral old ones for uss of the beginning
was_not destroyed, and is adequate,
etudents.
The_physical chemistry institute is temporarily located in
Lauterbach, only after the Leitz Optical Works had endowed —
a chair in theoretical physica has the Hessen Ministry of Educa-
tion agreed to keep the institute of physi
allocated for rebuilding it is not clear when, if ever, there
will Le epace to bring the phyeical chemistry back to Gieasen,
cal chemistry.
The library =
Since _
no money (250,000 DM per year for the whole univereity) is _
Profeszor WEITZ is beyond the age of retirement, and teaches both
@% Gleesen and Frankfurt, The chemistry at Giergen is thus
represented by one-half of a-retired-profe
ee0r,
KOBLSCRVETTER, who has apparently no research in progrege,_
Profeseor WEITZ.is.a charming and enthusiastic chemist, who
explained hie recent work with vigor and clarity, demonstrating
moet ofthe effects in the laboratory. for our benefit.
-and Profezgor —
Professor KOHLSCHUBTTER was quite emphatic that all their efforte
vere diverted to fighting for enough money to carry_on instruction. - 8
and keeping the inetitute going, For instance, the few roome
occupied during-the vacations were being heated by coal stoves
to save the higher cost of central heating.
Apparently, the only regearch work was that carried on by WEITZ
with his assistant. This work was interesting, and original,
Many chemical compounds, especially organic dyes, may exist in
either an tonic or homopolar form, in vhich theone form is
colorel and the other not,-or-in which the color of the two forms
* arrestee ‘fhe conditions which favor the jonic or homepolar.
aan than he abudlal he ahaawertar the
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‘ham AAMAS Karneana
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Profeséor WEITZ and KORLSCHUETTER.
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One arzistant,
Abous one-third of the original inatitute haz been completely
deatroyed, Very little repair or reconstruction hee taken place,
so the institute has inadequate space, and that is_old and in dis-
repair, The praktikum rooms are too small, ani not particularly |
conveniently arranged. We saw only one research room, which ~
iz reazonably large, and in which WEITZ and hig azsistant work,
Except for the usual. glas2 bottles, beakers and test tubes there
is practically no apparatus, The weighing. room has one mdern
and one old semi-micro balance, one-good analytical balance, and
several . gee ones for use of the beginning etudents, The library
The phygical chemistry institute is temporarily located in ~~
a@ chair in’ theoretical phyeics has the Heesen Minietry of Educa...
tion_agreed to keep the institute of physical chemist: Since
no money (250,000 DM per year for the whole univeraity “te
allocated for rebuilding it is not clear when; df ever, there
will be epace to bring the phyzical chemiatry back to Giessen,
Professor WEITZ 18 beyond the age of retirement, and teaches both |
at Glersen and Frankfurt. The chenistry at Giessen is thus
KORLSCHETEER, “Who. has. “apparently r no research in progres i= Sap sagen mas
Professor WEITZ i8.a charming and enthusiastic chemist, who 7
explained his recent work with vigor and clarity, demonstrating — a= Ey
most of the_effects in the laboratory for our benefit,
Professor KOHLSCHVETTER was quite emphatic that all their efforte
were diverted to fighting for enough money to carry on instruction
and keeping the institute going, For instance, the few rooms =
occupied during the-vacations were being heated by coal stoves
to save the higher cost of central heating, -
Apparently, the only. reeearch work was that carried on dy WEITZ
with his assistant, Thia_work was interesting, and original,
Many_chemwical compounds, especially organic dyes, may é¢xist in
either_an donic_or-honopolar form, in which theone form is
colorad and the other not, or in which the color.of the two forms =
is different. —'the conditions which favor the ionic or homopolar -
Torm can-then be studied by observing the_color change,..The =
vapor phase is always the most bomopolar, then comes benrene _
eolution, alcohol solution and finally water; which favors the
tonic form, What was new ie that eurface absorption_on silica gel_
favora the ionic form even more than vater eolution, Absorption
on dry NaCl also favors the ionic form, end even more strongly
absorption on Cals cryst ch have plates of which one_
> Or wholly positive,
ee eee
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The examples demonstratel were:
8. Hel colored 4s homopolar, age
eclorless as lonicj... —- _
b. C(CEHs)3 = colorless as homopolar,--—
colored as ionic;
¢. C(CgHe) Cel, COOH (ortho) colorless as homopolar
lactone, colored as zwitterion; .. _.....
a. pata NO CéH,NHs blue as homopolar, yellow as ion;
e. thio indigo, red as homopolax, blue as ion,
ee
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The chair of Theoretical Physics 1 » & prezent, held by Dr
DOFRING. DOERING fe suffering from an over-extensive teaching load,
Ee seems to be an intelligent perecn, We algo met, at a dinner
party, his predecessor, Professor Beckert, whom we misged in
Mainz, Bechert made a great imprersion on ue, He seems very
interesting and intelligent.- He is genuinely and deeply interested
in the rebirth of a democratic tradition in Germany. This interest
ia not limited to discussion, He works actively with the etudents,
Individual Research
Froblems i a. The fluorescence of-miterials usel in ecintizlation counters
is investigated in eve WAVE o
(1) Kettschak 4e me ring tke life time of the fluorezcent
state when excited by-electron impact, The yield and lifetime
does not seem to agree with US reeuits cttained with bombardment
by d-particles, The method-consista-in modulating the electron
beam, and sending the fluorescent light through 4 trough con-
taining progressive supersonic waves of the same frequency,
Stripes of light are observed in a Microscope, and from their -----
width the lifetime te determined, __
wai (2) Scharmann investigates the lifetimes of the Bane crystals
or when the excitation is due to ultraviolet light. The méthod is
simllar.to-that-used with electron excitation, The light beam -
is modulated by parsing it through a set of “etanding supersonic
waves, eid then through a slit,
(3) ~ Schneider“inveatigates thé fluorescence of solutions y exciting
them byg-raye. Various mixtures are examined,
(4) --The fluorescence spectra of the mixtures are etudied, and
the change st different temperatures and mode of excitation is
investigst Bi —
bd. Polaroid ‘films vhich polarize ultra-violet light are produced.
Intensity ratios of 131600 c. e_obtained, The mat consists
of stretching polyetyrene films and coloring them, Iodine ceens
to be the dest dye,
c. An iron spark in air will deposit tron oxide ona close-lying
glass plate, If a magnetic field is applied during this process, —
the resultant film shows pronounced Sichroisms This may be - —
related to the interstellar polarization of light...
4. Northern lights ee ee y collision of protons and
Belium fons _comi om the sun, The radiation observed_is due
to nitrogen and-oxygen, never to hydrogen and helium, With
his apparatus -for—"Northern-lights in the laboratory", Hanle
‘ shows that this is the expected bebavior,
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Lauterbach
Professor NEUMANN,
Thursdsy, 12 Ost 50.
Professor NEUMANN,
Two etudeatz.
The institute is in three amall rooms and a hallway of the
Hobhaus - 4 local museum. They manufacture their own gaz by
dlowing sir through thermostated gszclins, an installation which
blew up two days before the visit. By manufecturing and selling... _.
paking powder they had succeeded in roofing the former institute _
in Giessen, aod they hope to be able tc move back to that In-———___- --
eminentiy_1
‘guited_for_ research,
Moet of the former poor equipment of tke Giessen institute was
saved, including @ milling machine and lathe, but by attrition -
; £n Lauterbach by US troops,
and- later by Polish DP'’s, about balf ot more has-been lost. -
Little new equipment-has been purchssed, There appeared to be
little but glaze, gelf-made machined apparatus and 4 few pumps.
The library was not destroyed,
Professor Neuiann is a lively, interested, and enthusiastic,
optimiet .--Hée-te-part Swedish and grew up in Sweden, He hopes ~~ _
that no further catastrophe will overtake-the world in thé neat 0
future, but he gays that at least this tine he site in the right
Ddoat, whereas from 1933 onwards it was depressing to see a _ Sou 9
catastrophe_approaching and to know one sat on the falee elde,
He was-interested in my impression of the general conditio
own interests-were broad, although the work of the inatitute is
limited to a very narrow field by the poor accommodations,
{he sinpleat method employed méasures, by a micro photograph, _.
the size, at time intervals up to days, of a potassium drop
suspended from s eilver wire in high vacuum, - The neighborhood
of the drop ie maintained ata kcown temperature of 60°C to 120°C,
and the lower end of the tube te cooled in liquid air. The co-_
efficient of evaporation ie measured to be unity, that is between
0.95 and 1.05.
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by : Profesor NEUMANN.
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Encountered s Two etudeats.
Building The institute is in three amall rooms and a hallway of the
Robhaus - & local mseu, They manufacture their own gaze by
plowing air through thermostated gszolins, an fustallation which
blew up two days before the vieit. By manufacturing and selling
paking powder they had succeeded in roofing the former institute -
in Giessen, and they hope to be able to nove back to that {n-
atitute in the spring of 1951. The rooms are crowed and
eminently unsuited for research,
on
Equipment ': Most of the former poor equipment of the Gfessen institute waa
a saved, including a milling machine and lathe, bus by attrition —
due to occupation of the building-in Lauterbach by US troops, —
and later by Polish DP's, about balf or more has been lost.
Little new equipment has tesn purchssed, There appeared to be _—
little but glaze, eelf-made machined apparatus and a few pumpe.
The library was not destroyed.
General Impression
and Remarks : Professor Neumann is & lively, interested, ani enthusiastic, ~~ ~~
optiniat, He ie part Swedish and grew up in Sweden, He hopee
that no further catastrophe will overtake the world im the near.
future, bus he eays that at least this time he site in the right
boat; whereas from 1933 onwards it was depressing to gee a
catastrophe approaching and to know one eat on the falee elde,
He was interested in my impression of the general condition of.
German-ecience compared to US. He has apparently followed
much of the-recent work jn US literature. - Professor Neumann's
own interests were broad, although the vork-of the institute is 0 0
Limited to a very narrow field by the poor accommodations,
Individual Research...
Projects : There are several measurements going on det:
The sinpléeat method employed measures, by a micro photograph, |
the stze, at time intervals up_to days; of a potssaium drop
suspended from a silver wiré in high vacuum, The neighborhood =
of the drop is maintained ata keovm teaperature of 60°C to 120°C,
and the lower end of the tute Je cooléd in liquid air. The co-
efficient of evapor
0.95 and-1.05. 005
A quartz spparatus tobe used with godivum was shown, In this &
flat dish of zodium is held {o vacuum under a liquid air cooled _
surface. The absorption of-Na resonance light by the space sbove
the dish is to be measured, When the wpper eurface ie warm one _
measures the vapor: preseure; wher-coolai, the concentration should
decrease to half if the evaporation coefficient is unity, or lower
if the coefficient ia lower. ; :
33.40.21 “ys”
'
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Marburg
Professor WALCUER ,-——______—_-_—_____--
Monday, 9 Oct 50; also vieitea 6 and 10 O-t £50.
Profezsoz WALCHER, Profegsor R HVECKEL, Dr BECKIR,
Dr KAMKE, Profersor VOGT.
The building, up on the mountain, ja very pleasant and excellently —
suited for reseatchs It was not touched during the war, and is. fe
rather new anong the prewsr laboratorie:. It was finished in 1914,
and is perfectly maintained,—-—---
We were told-that when Profeesor WALCHER took over, sbout 1947, ">>
the equipner* waa completely old-fazh‘toned and cutdated. This has
been thoroughly changed. Profeesor Walsher bas completely re- — -
organized the atudjent laboratories. The opinion of the-students
ie that lectures as well ag the "Praktikum” are-top notch im =. =
Marburg. The research egnipment, cf which there fea lot,-is. -
largely of the type which hae been constructed in the laboratory ~
itself, Ido not recall sesing any major instrument that vas in-
dustrially manufactured, There are a large number of mass spectro- |
metere cf various designs and for variour_purpores. A chemical. -
separation plans for light isotopes bas been constructed, Profess
Walsher hopes to ac aaf machine to pursue nuclear
etudies with separate. 7
This ie the only well equipped uwalvereity laboratory we have geen_--
in the land cf Hesse, It-was impresaad upon ue that the support _
ory does not come from the land, but from industry,
wpiertakes occasional industrial jods in order to
A@irector.--There are a numbey of g5o4 men in the laboratory, and
there are many different lines cf research, Profeaser Walcher's
own intereat 1124 io mass spectrometers, and in nuclear research
with separated isotopes. He is a man who likes to work in_
"team", At present, his work is in close contact with Kopfer
in Goettingen. Dr Becker undertakes those problems, which, in the _
US; would be called physical chemistry, namely chemical separation
of light isotopes (after methods developed by HC Urey, ) diffusion oS
probleme, and measurements of viscosity of hydrogen at low
temperatures, Becker is young, enthusiastic and-clear—and. made .-
an‘excellent -impreesion. . Professor-Vogt ie a left-over from the
timee of Walther's predecessor, Grueneisen, He is interested
in ferro magnetism, Rueckel, foxnerly with Debye, Ja a
theoretician forthe experiuental laboratory. .Pluegge, whom
we met at-bad Nauheim, ia professor cf the "Institut for etructure
of matter" in the samé building; coneiderable, but wnsucceseful —”
efforts were spent to see bim, Altogether, this 1s a laboratory =
in which 4% would be a pleasure to work,
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a, Dr Becker has constructed a plant for the eeparation of the
isotopes of carbon, The method is that of exchange between gaseous
HCN and dissolved Na CN, and follows the method used by Urey
for this’separation, An enrichment of Carbon 13 up to 124
is obtained, The yield ie of the order of some grams per day,
>. The enriched carbon is used partly for biological research,
In the physics laboratory it fe a means for the seus of thermal
Giffusion, in particular, in conjunction with enriched oxygen. —
c. There_exist a number of mass epectromterz. One of them
le ‘designed for gas analyses of bigh accuracy, for the work with
partially separated isotopes. Several mass apectrometere are ~
mainly used for the study of focusing and improving mags epectro-
; meters. Finally, a large 90° mase spectrometer kas been built -
; to separate isotopes, This is part of a team project between
Professor Walcher_and Professor Kopfermanr in Goettingen, The
sepsratei isotopes (they_are micrograms) are taken to Goettingen —
for epectroscopic. inveatigation-of- hyperfine etructure and deotope
ehift, At present, silver ig under inveetigation, ee
a.—Dr Becker_also.investigated the thermal _diffiaion of gasea ab
a pegner Pressures. The fact that gasei are not ideal increases.
_ the-di?fusion coefficient in some_cases by-changes up to 800%
. at-about 80 atmospheres. This_effect hae beet neglected in all.
US-work, = —
atus_is constructed to determine the difference in -
viscosity of-para and natural hydrogen. some theories predict.
@ difference of Of. thie fe definitely not found... The sengitive —
apparatue-is_built along the lines of:a wheatetone bridge. Ab.
_ present, it is filled with a paramagnetic gas, oxygen, to show _
the_"Senftleben effect", namely, the change of-vircosity ina _
magnetic field. This was demonstrated, Pressure differences cf —
10°" m-on—the two sides_of the bridge can be detected. A thin.
aluminum foi] diaphragm moves between two condensér plates. The
change-in capacity is measured by amplifying a high frequency
current. The force due to the pressure difference ig balanced by
a constant electrical potential. ‘
tf. Dr Kawke has just finished a st _of the reasons for the fact =
that cathode rays form a thin pene! cmnamocumaneo an ene ae
hat_the beta-decay of rubidium is __
accompanied by very low energy electrons, These are forma.
here aleo. The spectrum of the beta-particles ig being measured
in_a-proportional counter,
g. cPescenser Wags atudies the behavior of ferromagnetic alloys, ~~
in particular, the eto-striction, Also, ferromagnetic
materials with_small grain sizes show interesting effects.
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PRYSIKALISCH CHEMISCHES INSTITUT DER UNIVERSITAET, MARBURG.
Marburg.
Professor JOST.
Monday, 9 Oct 50.
Professor JOST.
Dr HAASE.
Physical chemistry had been housed in part of the chemical fecal
inptitute, which waz largely destroyed during the war. Professor
Jost had agreed to relinquish the few remaining rooms to move
his institute into a private houze, providing an addition would
de built. No addition was ever built, and during Profésgor Joet's ~~
iliness with tuberculosie, the metals institute wae movel into
his lower floor,” He now has only some four rooms in the second
floor. ‘The metals institute is now moving out, but the 1000
D-Marks necessary to move his michine shop from ite present. — ==
distant location are not granted. .
No apparatus except for minor glassware, a few balances, and simple _.
electrical measuring devices, appears to be available, Theré is ~~
one self-constructed interferometer. The budget of 4000 DM per
year is inadequate to permit the purchase of new equipment.
Professor Jost 1a one of the moat capable German physical chemists,
I had the impteseion that his poor treatmentby the Nazi Govern-
ment, the subsequent loss of his institute, and finally a Jong
epell.of.tuberculosis, had decreased his energy and aggreesivences
to the point where he was incapable of building a going institute
unler the preaent discouraging conditions due to the Hessian
"Kultur. Ministerium". Whether a more aggressive man might do 60
de-not-clears = Sain aie
However, his interest in science, and his originality in cone. _
ceiving and planning new expe: te had not suffered. He spoke
of several interesting and original problems which he wished to _
pursue, and the methods which be would like to use, but the
necessary modest equipment was not available. One had the feeling
that this was a scientist who was unable to be a successful in- :
atitute'a director under present German conditions, but who would
do important and successful work in any well run US department. =
His aseistant, Dr Haase, impressed us favorably. -.-.--- 2
The research centered around the properties of liguid solutions,
rticularly those of no: organic materials in each other, —
and an investigation of the causes of small deviations from the
laws of regular solutions, _ _
a. Diffusion of two liquids into each other was studied by”
observing the diffraction bands between tvo slits, behind which
was placed the diffusion cell, -
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b. The total vapor pressure of solutions was measured with high
precision, using the simplest device of a thermostated mercury
manometer read with a cathetometer.
- Jt wae vemarked that dielectric constant, infrared absorption, or
other physical magurements on the vapor vould euffice to give
the vapor concentration, but the apparstus necessary could not
be purchased. It_was consequently necezsary to limit the
measuretents to solutions in which only one component had high
volatiilty.
c. The phase diagran of CuBr Agbr wes t> be etudied. The Agr
has NaCl type lattice up to the melting point. CvBr is zinc
Dlende type at low temperature, and has two transitions before
melting. Literature data indicates that the high temperature
phase forma perfect mixed ceryetals with Agsr over the vhole
concentration range. It is conceivable that a continuous
transition from zine blendé to NaCl type lattice existe in going _
through a complete range of solid solutions st low temperature. _
The enormous elsctrical conductivity of the highest temperature _
modification of Cubr (higher than that of the melt) indicates __
that-it-is_of-x-AgI type lattice.
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MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FUER PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE.
Goettingen.
Profezsor BONNHOEFER.
Tuesday, § Sep and Monday, 16 Oct 50.
Professor BONNHOEFERe = = ui
Dectore FOERSTER; SCHLEICHER, ERESCHE, FRELSE, K; GERISCHER.
The institute le housed in one of the buildings of the former '
Aerodynanische Versuchs Anstait, hich was untouched by the
war, The building is comparativesy nev (constructed in the ——————_-
Jate thirties) and seems tc be admivably suited for a laboratory. |
Like all-inetitutes ofthe Max Planck Gezellechaft, the finds”
for spparatus appear to be ample. Although the work of the... -_
inetitute, in the field cf cisseical physical chemistry, does _ ;
not require elaborate equipment. there appears to be no leck
of apparatus to undertake sny probien of interest to the workers.
Professor Bonmhoefer {2 one of the outetanding German phyeical
chemieta, Big_anti-Nazi-record is well known, Two brothers
were killed following the 20 Jul 44 attempt on Bitler's life. :
Profeszor Bormmhosfer_bas no desire to eubstitute Boviet dictator-
ship for his previous existence under the Nazis. _
We had know Profeseor Ponuksvefer pefore the war, and had met a
bim agais in Chicago during the Berlin blockade, He received 9
ve most_cordially. _
The inztitate gave the impression of a goo8 and lively,
jeboratory, undertaking a variety of “tnteresting work, It
vas not clear to what extent the work yas d@irestly due to
the inspiration of Bonnhoefer, or to wiat extent it originated
with the various other workers. Bonnh>efer- dia not speak of —
any work that he was doing ¢ alone, except that ‘Frank's work -
with the passive iron wire de obviously a continuation of previous ot
york of Bonuboefer. :
a, — FOERSTER. orgentc compounds, for instance aromatic ~~~
and.in fluoreécent spectrum when the yu is varied, Ho
wo spectra do not change at the eame ph values... This |
interpreted as-being due to the different dissociation of grown’,
and excited etate. Tue life of the excited state is usually,
Dut not always, long enough to come to equilibrium with reapect
to diesostatdot
>. SCHLEICHER is repeat the Mueller eriment with iron
ths firet pattern wes
instead of tungsten. optained while we
were there in September 1950, Since then the iron patterns were
eufficientiy poor that the vork has returned to wing tungsten.
¢. BRESCHE works on Bacteriophage. Nothing really new.
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a, FPREISE vorks on copperferrocyanide membranes.
e. FRANK works on paseivated iron wiree,. The motion of the
disturbance is very mich 1ike that in nerves, Nervee of algae
are-also studied, Frank worked with iron wires in ng or_other.
iron oxidizing acids, which could be penaities by ing the
wire the anode of a cell.
f. GERISCHERT ~ Electrode cepgee, The rate of oxidation re-
auction processes at the electrode “purface was being studied. ;
The ferrsus-=ferri-rate is greatly affected by Cl = don concentra-
tion,
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MAX PLANCK INSTITU FOR FHYSICS.
Goettingen,
Profeseor Werner HEISENBERG.
Wednesday, 6 Sep and Tueeday, 17 Oct 50.
Dz HAXEL ani Dr HOUTERMANS.
Profeszor Max VON LAUE, Profeseor BARN, 9
The institute is housed in the compound of the former. Aerodynamic ——
Versuckz Anstalt-(AVA) >
The space i3 ample and well suited to
research, So
Like ail Max Planck (or KWI) institutes, there is no lack of ..- ———
money for equipment.
Quite a few People were away on vacation. RAXEL is leaving ==
for Heidelberg, and HOUTERMAKS really belongs to the II Physice
Laboratory_of the University; consequently, the heart and
interest of neithér is wholly with the Max Planck Institute, This’
maybe to some extent the cauge of the impression we received,
After having seen Dr Kopfermann's. laboratory, where, with
little means, excellent work is done, it seemed that. here,—
with-lots_of money_obtainable,
We had the feeling, although this vae not expressed in so many
words, that_our guides were not happy about the fimetioning of __ _
the laboratory.
We met BAXEL at Goettingen, Heldelterg, Bad Nauheim and egain
on our-return, Hé ie a keéh and véry pleasant young man for
whom one_can have great expectations, HOUTERMANS is @ friend of
ours_of very long standing, He is the=kind of person vho has
many original ideas, His history_iz presumably known, Since
othing mich was happening,
he is one-quarter Jewish, Le emigrated to the USSR slortly before
the Nazis came to pow
_ In 1937, during a wave of arrests, he
decided to leave the Soviet Union, but was captured and arrested,
Rie wife with two children was_expelled from the USSR and is now sy
a US citizen, HOUTERMANS was imprisoned and forced to "confess",
So he-confessed to being an "atomic spy"! He was imprisoned
until-1940, and then turned cover to the Geetapo and eventually
released_in Germany. He is thoroughly anti-Soviet and knows a |
great deal about the Soviet mentality and the attitude of Soviet
scientists, For instance, he regrets the publicity given to the
hydrogen bomb, because now the Soviet acientiste will be forced __
to work on itso =
HAXEL abd HOUTERMANS, as wéll as Professor HAHN were very out-
ee theiy criticism of Law 22 (see general part of
report).
Reisenterg was in the US while we visited Goettingen. We heard
his talk at the meeting of "Naturforscher und Arzte" in Muenchen,
but somehow failed to see him personally, although we have known
him for many years, 9 = ee
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There is probably no living ecientist wicse promise, a% an early |
age, wae co great-as- that of HEISENBERG. Hie more recent |
development has teen very disappointing, We have been etruck by
the lack of enthusiasm for bim in the expressions of other
Hers esi _ ay physicists, Although very litble direct crdticien baa been ex- a
preseed, it is clear that he is rot held in the esteem that one a
would Lave expested from bis previout history. For instance, when
one epeake of the excellent work now going oo in Gcettingen,
one frequently gets_entiuetsstin agrsement, but always with 2 _
the remark, "in Kopfermantte institate". HEISENBERG'e institute. ~~
es eR IRS is Lever isudied.
HEISENRER?'s failure to bring-pesitive resulta out of the German
Atomic Ecargy Project during the war fa a matter of record, It
ts curious thas he wse-agsin-chozen to head an experimertal
institute.
Individual Research :
Problems : a, HOWTERMANS works with photographic plate. One of bis reaults
was etyiking: The commence of uranium in granite is by no means
uniform, The-urenium fe contained In bigh concentration -in - —
particular crystals, Tkts gives riee to what HOUTERMANS cailéed _
"porcupine' atographic plate. From email epots emerge
laxge numbers of X= tracke#. If thie fact is nct known, it might
be of ereat industrial importan:
bee 8 largely aimea at the controversy
of _ or _mitiple production of megons. . HAXELte—
experixent:, which seem to show eyual amounts or production for
equal-weigtt2 of graphite and pavafine indicate multiple —
produstisna.
fe Ve oray ezperimepts were in progress. Tae claim was made
that TEs detay of RDe 1a followed (12 coincidence) by a compistely
Sousbody
inveatigates the effecs that 4 matal-plate, when
papered, gives off electrons, inserpreted by the assumption =
tive epots are prodfuced-on-the plate, Oxygen 9
ig _sbeorbed, and an electron is given off,—Ths-apots_have ——
different activation energy. Assumption of.a continuum of
activation snergies gives a décay proportional to temperature”
and inversely to tims, This is essentially what is found. =~ vm
The man doing the experiments ie going witt HAXEL to Heidelberg.
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a aes {
t
50, Institute : CHEMISCHES INSTI IY DER VWIVERSIZART.SORPIINGEN.
Place : Goettingen.
Director + Professor BROTKMANN,
Date _: Thursday, 7 Sep avd Tuesday, 17 Oct 50.
Visit Conducted
by —; Professor BROCKMANN,
Building : The batl
gh eceentially widamaged by tes war, is in eae
boreib. : ~ Some of the rouns have been 11
in the 1 Yners haz betn a Little remodeling, but not
mach, It is hoped that more reconditioning will take Phas @ F0On, re
A new bisiee! chemical-buiiding de-an annexe
Equipment $ The equipment modeet, and rather inaseguase for the nushker of
doctoral sti and sesistants, wrick uumter about 50 altogether,
The budget of 12 thouzand IM per year amounta 40 240 Marka or —
some US$E0 par reatarsh worker per yess, This covere chemicals
and equipments The equipmens in the mAsrn bie clegtcal chemical —
batlding looked adaquate, although not 2 the: seceareh
ig presuusbiy considerstly hampered ty the dow Lodge.
General Inmpreseion
and Remarks 3s) The ine
A+the-Nobel Prize Winrer, Windaus, as its former
y-bew as than, is primarily organic, and. —~
with a stz .ogitel interest. Sinse this t+ not my field
I de not feel justified ia comentin the eysellence of the
researct undertsk: ALL indi casio: vers. thatthe level of —
selentific comps e is biok although peotably- net quite up
to the work of Profezzcr BROCKMANN!s.dLiurtzious predecescors >
Individual Research —... —
Problems 2 Comtide: ox
species 9. animes oe
antibteticss— Of- thes
Sag six hundred
7 e About. 60 of theze yield
new antibiotd: ne_have_been BROWS _
Toe only other single rersarch-
chemical datereet is that
dye of St Jomn's-Wort:
problem videh was of come physical
yethezin of a Light sensitive
The quizoné splits cus two Ho groupe arcording to the reaction:
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Institute
"Place
Director
eo
Other Research
Workers
Encountered
“Building
Equipment
General Impression
and Remarks
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we. ne
PLEX SHEORE“SSCEE PHYSIK DER VNIVERSITAET
SE tren Oe SINS VERSZTAET
Soettiages,
Profesior Rt
17 Oct 40,
Dr LE!BFRIED, Me ERRT.
One toon, adequate,
Ons tla Keosrd. adequate,
We first mes
and p’
This_wetk-exd, IR PECUER.
-DR_-BECKER-3=-Bed-Nautetr, Ee vaa very. cordial -
he aod inteliigent Person, ......
29 go to Pittsburgh for a 7
year... It: $1 ~ =i visit will te a RUCCESR, =
ProZezso> BEE Specialty was mignetism, The only research
Problex which we dizcusged conceraea the theory of Mon-ddeai
gases. — Professor BECKER-tg the pauccasgor of. Born, He was |
previous’ in-Berlte—but—way eect avay ag Punishment.
(etzatversetizt) to Goettingsn bythe Nazis “aFound 293°,
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= Ty =
52, Institute "ot T= PHYSTKALISCHER INSTITUT DER UNIVERSITART.
Place 3s Gvettingen.
Director ; t Professor POEL,
Date 3 Tusedsy. 27 Oct FO,
Vieit Conducted
by 3s Dr Pick,
Other Research
Workers
Encountered s We talke? to Prefeeso> PORL av Bad Nauketz,
uilding 3 Tye tuesivate iscupies the second flsor ef the large physice
bullding. It Ess deen 2 zs 2 poaition for: many yearz, -
aud noting wv: destrcyet.— £ lecture room with store.
toon 4:4 masnine ahop- ia ot ths éame fier. ALL other rooms are —
ured fcr > eke
Equipment. s Tete laboratory te famous for Professor POBL's unequalied lectures
to Leginning evudents, Some rooms are stored with the equi:
meat_f vae-excellent demonstrations, Moet of thie belongs to
x POHL pereonally,. The equipment for research ig ‘Eodest
and bas. Always been that_way.
General Impressicn
and Remarks 2 Profecron POHL “Se
Eis ¢ ca a4 o
of oe,
plveics
for paginas 2
ae scoop) of ©
mech is wae a Years ago.
in the orye tar wtractire
his fteld has. new eename
" PICK igp}fed-that_ tte wheie fieli tad started bh
SPeopae are now folicwirg. .To sone exesnt— aes —
2 by << Taserkeeey Tes
a paykapa. ts Boms axvent in Prefeesor POEL's
sontenps fo: theory and iheoretists. POHLLsd, for dsetance,
20 yeere ogo, a hearty dizlike for quantum mecharics,- He still —
aeena to try to avoli_ite concerts, Very cateful experimentation
ie_perfcrmed, but greate= theoretical galdan ¢ might have brought —
more reaults,-. Profeseor POHL prefers to have bis students con-
trust their own apparatus Tather than buying equipment. The
reason for this_is that he wants the etuidnt-to understand his
squipment thoroughly, Consequently, a PhD candidate receives ~
excelica’ experiments] training.
Dr PICK made 9 good imprersicn, He gave a very clear and aimple
explanation of the genersi field of the work, =~
-- Individual Research
Problems s All the protlems of the Laboratory concern the details of the
i Zeztiors in eimple tonic-cryrtals lead to light abeory
tion in the general range betwasn the infrared absorption of she.
Tattice vibvations and te Seve Wire violet atsosptise ah splice 1m the
Sey pees,
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by
Other Reeearch
Workers
Encountered 8
ratlding 2
Equipment 3
General Impression
and Remarks é
Individual Research
Problems A
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We talke3 to Prefeesor POEL ay Bai Nauhezr,
The ine
ek,
2 recupiss the gerond £
butiding, It bas been lozated at
and nothing va: destrcyed., 7
mS game
ref the large physice
Foaition for may years,
cSure roon with store-
ALL other rooms are
Thia lstoravary 49 famovg for Professor POHL's unequalled lectures
to beginning students, Some rcoua are stored with the equip-
mens for the excellent demonstrations. Moet of this belonge to
Professor POHL pereonally,. The equipment for rerearch-is medest—-- ————
and Las aiwaye been that way,
Psoleesc> PONL fe an old friend of o-. asa
His outevanaing sontribution to phy
dewonstration soures for bag: a
timentaliet.
“bane groove in which £4 wae
Tke ecope of vt
> Among
reason fer
acems to try to avold its
mare dmparfezstions in the
ees, discovered bere
" PICK impited that +
are now followizg. To some
ron reflection, it 43 souewhat difficult to —
andirg contribution male by
nie liez-psrkaps to son?
so Aheory-and theoretiste,
20 yssre ago, & hearty dfalike for quantum meshar 4 3 ?
Very caseful experinentation
bi aly worla-
“2 Years ago.
sryetal structure
ereesed ve cordially.
‘ wey
horatory Lz nasrow an
whees are cclor cantera, The latter — —___
Mis fiel,
oie fiel.
Sart
Sens
SOncepts. |
thie Laber.
POERL_184,- 2c:
4 hes now besome very 20
3 had atarted here,
extent thie ie ———_- om
4
+
ory. The
ta Prefeesor POHL'a--—
de performed, dub greates theoretical guidsice might have trought _
more reauits,~
-Profeseor POHL_prefere to have bis students con-
struct their-own apparatus rather than buying equipment, The
reason for this is that he wante the etudent to understand his 7 —
equipment thoroughly, - Consequently, a PhD candidate receives=~--—"
excellent experimental training. —
Dr PICK made a good imprezaicn, He gave a very clear and simple
explanstion-of-the-general field of the vor [ree
All the protioms of the i:
trom regicn, Th
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e-foric cotdsction_of tas lates
avzratery concern the details of the_
—
22 icnic_orystals vhich lead to light abeorp-
ange between the ared abso: n of oo
ithe true ultra violet absorption in the — i;
ze exfections
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ce, and the cial] photo condug-
534021 -/55¢
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- THe
In the alkaliksi‘des the imperfecsionz ave due to the nat) raily
occurring vacancies at lattice sites » Whick may, or may not » te
also the iccation of a trapped electron or a poeitive charge
(missing electron), and aleo due to whe eubstitution ef a foreign
ion in piste of K oy Cl". Crystale Lave been grow vith ca :
Pe, Bs , St up to concentrations of about 10°* parts per
lattice site, in place of K » And witt NO2., O , dn plase of
Ci”. . The doubly chargel 0 is produced by treating a dilute single
solution of NO3_ oF Noz. in KCL with Clo. Gaseous nitrogen and ~~
oxyg et. ate in.wlcrogcopically visitie suis "bubbles" es
in th ty SS concentrations up &: thres SuEpheres,
Toe traneport_mumbera(ratiovat the curvess cartied by the posi-
tive 4 wrick have bsea Previously reported to te above 0.9 -
cf almost all elkslirsitas3 are being reinvestigeted |
pre its axe due to the large:
asities of aowkly chatged positive ions, (In
rabsy -chargid negetive,) Thiz 4a the more likely
Was-uselo2 suiecryets) iz the experiments s—The doubly”
ors-produce su equal numer of helez in the cation _
€XSE23 over
einze BaCl> was.
charg
Lats
rature ionic condustivity te due to the equilitrivm
ansics, The magnitude of ‘the -low-temperature con. Cl eRe
ductivity, which always ehovs 9 1/T slops-cor Ppotding to an
energy.cf- 0-6 -eV., fe increase’ greatly by the addition of 0
doubly charged cations, ==
The difference between the inesr thermal expansion coeffietent of -_
the lattice, Measured Ly Xorays, acd thst measured by two ecratches _
on the crystals §_obeerved to be sz high as 10$ above 400° Cc.
This. te -auspected to be too large to ba gue_to lattice vacancies,
bul may te due to an increase in etsic structure at the higher
temperatures, 2_are mate ona bent crystal
with the €ighth order Line me
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Institute
Place aia
Director
Date
Vieit Conducted
by
Other Research
Workers
Encountered
Building
Equipment
General Impression
and Remarks
”
:
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- 75 -
iI PHYSIKALISCHES INSTITYT DER JNIVERSIZAET.
EEE SUS DER UINIVERS ITAL
Goettinge
Profezsor
Ae
KOPFERMANN
Monday, 4 Sep and Wednesday, 18 oct £0,
Profezsox
KOPFERMANN.
Professor HOUTERMANS, Hubert KRUEGER.
The laboratory occupies the eFound fleor
large phyaice building, Except for
lecture room anda few Toms “UESd hy
Space is—
for stude
although
of any ki
available
it-is no longer a
and basement of the ——
& smell library Toom, @ small.
and iz being uze2 for
the
roe
very Bodern Labs:
ratory,
theoreticians the whole
research, (The "praktikw
dents i@located-on-the thira floor.) Ita
epace is adequat:
No deatruction ~
nd occurred during the waz,
The pride and Joy of the laborst
by Siemene.— There is_a great @.
interferometers, etc,
presumably e411] a lar,
KOPFERMANN bas
detatron, —
This-25 the Laborat
vames Franck, At
3
to see th,
at Professor.
of invest
in the. US,
@ hew emphasis
but with-
Propertie
igation_bas
~ KOPFERNANN has_
? by spectroscopy,
At that time, it was very wia
have epent a year at this institute, -
het managed to brid
tuts back to ite former level as a top fligh+
¢_ investigations,
-Juzt now, Professor.
cry de a 6 NEV betatron, built
eal of epectroseapic equiprent 2 =
Although we didnot ges
ge Rovland grating,
received ERP money.
t; there exists
%o buy a 125,000 DM, 30 MEV
ry which vas formerly direzted by Profeagor _
ely known,
Very many_
Iteis- gratifying —
ng the ineti-
isvoratory, During
Frantk's directorship, the main intereas-of-the inetitute wae.
concerned with spectroscopi
Muck. of that line
how been taken over ty chemists, at least ——
kept up the epestrossopie tradition
new lines
there wer
of investigation,
€ & considerable n
buted by this laboratory,
interesti
Professor
when he wes an assist
ngs
KOPFERMARN ig an old acquaintance of
ant in Franck's lab.
ceedingly pleasant snd upri,
and decency I would not doubt
this cut,
The laboratory, probably the bést in Germany,
shoestring;- the yearly budget,
maintenan
ce de 10,000 DM.
can be done on go little,
Professor
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» Damely the detorxination of. nuclear
In addition, he kas started several spent.
—Av_the Physic# meeting in Bad Nauhein
umber of talks, namely eight, contri-—
ALL of them were well presented and
mine from the tine
oratory,
He ig an ex-
t peréon, whose fundamental honesty
» Hie record under the Naoie bears
It 18 amazing that
is working on a
&£ Itch good work
KOPPERMARN's interest lies in measurements of nuclear
aE terest lies |
For thie purcose_
exclusive of salaries and building =~
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by
3
Other Regearch
Workers
Encountered 3
Building 3
Equipment ry
General Impression
and Remarks 3
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Professor HOUTERMANS, Bubert XRUESER,
The laboratory occupies the ground flcor ana basement of the
large physics building. - Except-for a smell library room, @ small
lecture room and a few rooms weed by the theoretictane the whole
epace is available and i2 being used for research, (The "prakti ku
for students fe located on the third floor.) Tke epace is adequat:
aithougk it is no longer a very modern lshoratory, No dertruction
of any kind occurred during the war,
The pride and joy of the laboratory 42 a 6 yey betatron, built
by Siemene, There is @ great dead of spectroscopic equipment -
interferometers, etc. Although we aii now gee it, thers axiets
Presumably.still-a large Rovlaad @rating. Just now, Professor ~ -
KOPFERMANN bas received ERP monty to buy a 125,000 DM, 30 My
betatron--— =
This {3 the laboratory which was formerly dirested by Profeszor
James Franck, — At that time, it was very widely known, Very many
Amsricans have spent a year at this instituts, It 28 gratifying _ a
to see that Professor _KOPFERMANN hss managed to bring the ineti-
tute back to_its former level as a top flight lsboratory, — pur ing .-.
Franck's_directorehip, the main interes af the inetitute waz
concerned -with-spectrogcopic investigations. Muck of that line ——--
of investigation has now been taken over by chemists, at least 9
in the Us, — KOPFERNARK has kept up the epsstrostopic tradition
but “with a new eaphasi namely the deterztnation of nuclear
Propertiez by spectroscopy, In additioz,-he bas-etarted several
new lines of investigation, At the Physice meeting {n Red Nauheim
there were a considerable number of_talks,. naraly eight, contri-
buted by this laboratory, All of then “were Wéll pregented and
Anteresting, = crema
Profes#5r-KOPFERMANN is an ola acquaintance of mine. from the time
when-he-ves an assistant in Franck's laboratory, Ee ig anex-
ceedingly pleasant snd upright person; whose fundamental honesty :
and decency I_wovld not doubt. Hie_record under-the Nazis bears
this out = iia
The lavaratory, probably the best in Germany, is Working on a
shoestring;-the. yearly budget, exclusive of galaries-and building
maintenance ig 10,000 DM, It is_amazing that ae mich good work. ?
can-be-done on so little, =
Frofessor_KOPYERMANN's interest lies in-measurements of nuclear
sping, quadrtipole movements isotope ebifte, For this purpose,
e neede badly some separated etabie isotopes in small quantity,
These are widely available in the US, but are impossible to obtain
here.” Professor Walcher_in Marburg is undertaking eome feotope .
separation in minute amounts in conjunction with KOPFERMANN's 2 eee
work,
og 831024 -/p57
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initvidusl Research
Problems
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~ 1 -
a, The Ishoratory hss a 6 MEV betatron, constructed by Siemens,
The electrons are brought out of fhe tube by the wae of 4 thin
aluminux, ecatterer, and eudsequent ure of electrostatic deflection.
A 706 yieli of electrons is obtained. The electrons are highly cae
monochrome+ic (to one-per mil) from one to efx million volts,
Tee currest is 30°T emperes, This betatron 42 aid to be an
remely sturdy inetrument, The spparatve 42 used in conjunction
with the nodical faculty (Martius) for the treatment of surface _
ox near eurface cancer, By variation of the aperture through _--
whish the electrons pasa, and variation of voitage, the depth -
of the maximram ionization can te varied, ie de tested on KCL
ezystais, by the density of colour ceatere. -
The scattering epectrum_of.the monechromatis electrona was
mearurei-ay angles from 0 to 90 degrees, by uring a bets ray -
epectrogiaph. Aleo, the dissociation of the deateran was studied. ~~
This work is mainly under Dr Pow,
b. Brix, Spést¥oscopy. ..
Determination of magnetic. ments, quadrupole “Nomente and isotopic
shifts.” This de_excellent work, I+ would be highly desirable to
make available separated isotopes, which Dr KOPFERMARN dog, not _ a
seem'to be able to obtain, In particular, radiuc D, (Pr ©?) should
be supplied. .
ce. Hubext- KRUEGER.
Working on magnetic and”
Bloch-Purcell method,
pole moments by & variation of the
Te;eadte ion, “observation cf regonance due to quadrupole moments ==
alste, in cases where no (or almost no) magnet tic field exists ——
at. the place_of_a nucleus, but_a gradient of an electric field,
Such a case vould pertain, for inatence, at the position of a.
Cl-or I atom in SaC1_h or Sly. In the cryetal, the symmetry
may be dislocated, In the case of the iodide, spin. 5/2, the
: =23 (2 end? 3/2-9t_ sie should have a frequency
the eryetal at the votit of + es Sn queation, In the case
of SnIy ene I atom eits at @ point of undisturbed (trigonal)
symmetry, the other-3 do not.— Consequently, two sete of lines
are_found.
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5h.
Institute 2
Place 2
Director - :
Date . ok
Visit Conducted
by 3
Other Research
Workers
Encountered :
Building ;
Equipment H
General Impression™...
and Remarks =:
Individual Research —~ =
Problems . ot
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Iil PHYSIKALISCHES IRSTITUE DER UNIVERSITAET,
Goettingen.
Professor E MEYER, .__
Wednesday, 18 Oct 50, __
Dr. TAMM, Dr. KOPPELMANN.
The inetitute is located in two eeparate buildings. One-ie the
ola "Angewandte Electrizitaet", formerly the building of- Professor.
Reich. It id old, old fashioned and emall. A new institute
‘was constructed during the war for Applied Mechanics, formerly. Dr -
Schuler. It consists of an old vilia with very considerable = ee
additione, It is well euited for the purpoee—— = F
The equipment seems _to be adequate. There exists several eources
of ultrasonic waves, and a good Siemens electron microscope,
In 1947, the forner Inetitutes of Applied Mechanics ard Applied —
Electricity were united to form the third | Physikalisches Institut.
under: Dr Reich. The laboratory if yery mich “applied
cerns_itself with industrial applications, For instance, an
wrument for the measurement of amplitudes_of ultrasonic waves:
in metal atructures is being constricted for the US Navy
Acoustic design for theaters and lecture halls is undertaken, ~
The main gcope ofthe laboratory i8 acoustica, with ultra eound,
and_electromagnetic waves, There extets a good "praktikum" So
complement the leas technical one given by Kopfermann, Most of
the work of this_institute de out of cur lire. Only a few details _
will-te reported... é
.— Dz_ KOENIG directs the work with the electron microscope.
His main intereet ig in details of the preparation of epecimens, —
Benzol absorbed on specimens can be carbonized in an even, and~~~ ~~
the specimens later removed, say dby acid. = =
picture to see detalle. in ‘Portions vhich would otherwise _
de too thick. ~
By taking pictures at two slightly 4ifferent anglee of the
specimens very beautiful stereoscopic pictures can be obtained
in which-remarkable-detail-is visible. 9...
The absorption of sound in the region 10 to 400 kilo Herz
Cio! to 4X 109 sec 1) by water solution of various salts was_
studied by Dr TAMM, The reaults were very difficult to in-
terpret.~ The absorption is not the sum of the absorptions of the
fons, even at quite low concentrations, For instance, MgSO,
absorbs in the region of 6000 whereas both Rep 80, and MgCl have
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Other Research
Workers
Encountered
Building
Equipment
General Impression
_ and Remarks
Individual Research —
Problems
:
oy
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Dr TAMM, Dr KOFPELMANN.
The ingtitute is located in two esparate buildings, One fe the
old "Angewandte Electrizitaet", formerly the building of Professor
Reich. It is old, old fashioned and small. A new institute
Was constructed during the war for Applied Mechanice, formerly Dr
Schuler. It consists of an 01d vilia with very considerable
‘additione, It is well euited for the purpoee,
The equipment seems to be adequate. There exists several ecources
of ultrasonic waves, and a good Siemens electron microscope.
In 1947, the former_Inatitutes of Applied Mechanics and Applied
Blectricity were_wnited to form the third Physikalisches Institut
under Dr Relic! The laboratory ie very much "applied". It con-
corns itself 4 industrial applications. For instance, an
instrument for the measurement of amplitudes of ultrasonic waves ©
in metal atructurea ia being constructed for the US Navy.
Acoustic design for theat: and lecture halls is undertaken,
Th? mAin ecope of_t La Ta Bou
and -electromagne i
complement: the lees-technical- oe by Syren : Wet c i
the work of this institute ie at of our lise, Only a few details
will te reportei.
with the electron microscope, >
“ee intereet 18 x detaile of the preparation of specimens,
Benzol_absorbed_on specimens can be carbonized in an ca and :
the specimens later removed, say by acid... poset
The carbon covering then gives a sufficiently transparent
picture to see details in portions which would otherwise
de too thick.
By taking pictures at tvo slightly different anglee of the
specimens very beautiful sterecscopic pictures can de obtained |
in which remarkable detail is vieible.. - .
The absorption of sound in the region 10 to 400 kilo Herz”
Tot to 4 X10) sec l) by water solution of various salts ves
studied_by.Dr_TAMM, The results were very difficult to ine
terpret. The absorption is not the sum of the ebsorptions of the —
dons, even at quite low concentrations, For inetance, MgSO, _
absorbs in the region of 6000 whereas both Nap SO, and MgCl ae
low abaorpticna of about 400. The absorption per mol at low~
concentrations increases rapidly, but ie relatively independent
of See at higes concentrations (above 0.02 mols/
iter).
The technique is to pace a pulse of oe frequency into a large
veszel, and observe the decay over & 10° fold energy range on an
oscillograph,
ee
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55. Institute :
Place 3 Goettingen,
Director
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE, DIVISION OF _"INSTRUMENTERKUNDE", a _-
Dr Konrsa BEYERLE, |
Date
Wednesday, 18 Oct 50, |
General Impression PR TEC Tg AL ms
and Remarks 2. This was.a purely accidental meeting in a restaurant in =
Goettingen on our lest evening. EEVERLE ia the older brother
; of a childhood friend of mine, wion I had not een aince I
i was.12 years old, and who then Jmpreesed me with his
"electrical laboratory" in a cellar room. He was very
cordial, and bad a number of intereating things to report, : a
During the war, he was associated with Harteck in an attempt
to separate uraniu® fsotopes with the help of an ultra- z
centrifuge." He is, of couree, very much interested to know
‘what_was done inthe US along that line. For other-isotopes _
than urantum, this method of Separation holds some promise, _
It vould be interesting to compare the German advances and technice
improvements with those made in the US. BEYERLE and Harteck .
(Hamburg) are going on with this vork, :
A calculating machine using the binary system ie being con-_
structed. —— " .
Mr REYERLE is regarded_as_an unusually competent engineer. This
was _confirmed_in Hamburg (by B Jensen) .— The ultracentrifuge _
of Harteck-has | -%o_@ large extent, conetructed by BEYERLE,
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56. Inctitute _ WF" PRYSIKALISCH CHEMISCEES INSTITU? DER UNIVERSITAT, GOETTINGEN.
Place : Goettingen.
Date. + Wednesday, 18.0c6 50,
An attempt to visit this institute on this date.
Since Eucken's-recent death, the institute has no director,
The senior assistant, Dr Wicke, was at the Bunsen Tagung at Karle-
ruhe on this date, and no other assistant vas in the building, _
According to second-hand reports, and a few laboratories into .
which I looked, the institute does not appear.to be in firat
clasa_condition. —" ae
cat tort te tena nepey ery sane armpit ett nt rine
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siisehyrpn eq cima neat aang ner ened tatenetaennnn anata inert ten At a
scone seememenemncemmemnel Cemnppstenne Sasi
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The Senior ASSistant, Dr wWicke, Was av wo® Bunsen Tagung at Karls-
ruhe on this date, and no other assistant was in the building.
According to second-hand reports, and a few laboratories into
which I looked, the institute does not appear to be in firet
elasa condition.
CONFIDENTIAL/U8_OFFICIALS ONLY = _
g34021-/f42
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aT.
Institute =e
Place :
Director ome.
Date :
-Visit Conducted
by :
Other Research
Workers
Encountered t
Building 3
Equipment 4
General Impression
and Remarks 23
_ FHYSIK\LISCHES INSTITUT DER UNIVERSITAET,
Sati EEEEENEinnnieninecacenreese asenmeeanaine -
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Hamburg.
Professor FLEISCHMANN,
Thitraday, 19 Oct and Friday, 20 Oct SO.
Professore FLEISCHMANN and BAGGE.
Dr SCHOPPER, Dr KOLLATH and, unexpectedly, Professor Hans JENSEN
from Heidelberg, who wes on a visit.
The Physics Department is located in one elde of a building of
which the other eide ie occupied by Chemistry. During the war, -—-
a bomb demolished part_of the Chemistry wing, and the Physics Laks &
Institute was badly shaken and burnt. Reconstruction is now
under_way._ The-slowness of this process is partly due to the _
fact that the previous physicist retired in 1945, and_ FLEISCHMANN
hes been-in Hamburg only two years. A large lecture room and a es
Van der Grasf machine are being constructed, When all this ig ==
finished, the-building will be adequate,
Preparat: are made for a 3 MEV pressure Van der Graaf machine, —_—
There-are-two mss spectrometers, a Wilson camera, counters and — ~
& good désl of optical equipment.
When Profeesoi FLEISCHMANN took over; the laboratory was, as he ——
calls it,;-a “oseum", “Hie predecessor had-not been & very_active
physicist and had collected a great déal Of very old-fashioned -
physical apparatus. Very little money had been spent on physics,
FLEISCRMANN scems to have made the government understend that. =... =
this wili have to change.
FLEISCHMANN received us very cordially. He is reported to have
been a convinced Nazi during the war, put a “decent” “one; that. --.--
is, he did not“denounce anybody, He was _Profeesor_in Strasbourg,
and thus became the firat prieorier of the “Alsos" misaion. He
epent-16 months imprisoned in the US; FLEISCHMANN is quite =
worried about the Soviet boundary, only.30 kilometers avay, He = =
does not want to leave, but expreesed hope that the US occupation ~~~
forces would not let him fall into the hands of the Soviets) ~
FLEISCHMANN is a nuclear physicist, and will return to bie.
chosen field when he obtains hig 3 MEV pressure Van der Graaf.
In the meantime, he has put the optical equipment he inherited -
to some good use, He is @ pupil of Pohl in Goettingen and bas _
resumed some studies of dichroiem and other opt: ical phe :
which have interested him a long time, :
Professor BAGGE_is relatively young and has the ambition to become .
a fusion of theorist and experimentalist like Fermi, His interests
are cosmic rays.
Professor Jensen (Heidelberg) happened to be in Hamburg on_his way.
from Copenhagen. We bad corresponded a good deal during the last
year eince ve had quite independently, published very similar
papers,—gensen vas extremely cordial and Pleasant, He is
certainly a very good physicist.
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Individual Research
Projects : @. HE SCHOPPER, under FLEISCHMANN's direction, is studying the ~~ -~--~
: _ optical constants of thin metatiic films. By using & simple _ —
new device, requiring two quarter-wave plates, he ia able to
measure exactly the ebift of interference fringes coming from
cos . - two rays,.of.whick one bas traversed or been reflected from a -
metal film. In this way he can determine independently the
refractive index, absorption coefficiert and thickness of the
film, _This_is_very good experimentation, which could have been,
but has not been, performed 60 yeara ago, -———
b. Extremeiy thin layers of alkal! metals on glass or quartz
show pro onounced dichroiem, Light ie absor when the electric
Vector is normal to the oe The occurrenceof_this layer
depends ,—in-an-unknown manner, on the eurfacze on which it is -
abzorbed,
cs De KOLLATH wants to determine the dependence of the ecattering
cross-section of electrons on the direction of the electron spin, oa
This requires an apparatus in which as electron beam is scattered.
on an_atomic_beam,-and the electrons scattered at right angles
are, in turn, acattered by a gecond atomic beam.--It-is not-
“ot clear yet whether at. the er end— “there. will de enough electrons heft
z to be measured. a
4.— Dr BAGGE is interested in determining the ratio of the numbers”
ot posttve-ard negative nésout in the cesule-radietions For hi6 ~~
purpose, he uses some kind of magnetic lens which will collect
‘ 3 either the-positive or the regative mesons, A counter four meters
above and four ow the lene -are-in-a coincidence circuit.
Ee-has—been able-to” measure the oaitive excess up to 107 electrons
voits of exergy, — i =
e.— A Wilson camera is used ¥o aeeeae the scattering of mesona _
ina ieaj plate.
f£. Teo-mass_spectrometere for determination of abunsances: have =
juet arrived and are veing sdjusted,
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58. Institute : PHYSIKALIGCH CHEMISCHES IMSTITVE DER UNIVERSITART, HAMBURG, = __
Place 3 Hamburg. - peer a
__.. Director _ : Professor HARTECK, _
Date : Thursday, 19 Oct 50,
Visit Conducted -
vy : Professor JENSEN of Heidelberg.
Building : ‘Fhe building is the small, but excelleat research building con-
structed by Stern, It contains no xoems for "Praktikun" or
lectures, which is @ great dieadvantage at proseat since the
chantotry institute, next door, has been destroyed by dombing —
and ie not yet wilt, The research rooms, however, are
excelleat, - _
Equipasnt
In addition to the usual physical chémical equipment, vhich
appears to bé good, there are tvo large ultraceatrifuges for
isotope separation. These are described in more detail under
“Individual Research Projects".
A hydrogen liquefier is im the building. ~~~ ass ee wee
General Inapressios fe oa a a
and Remarks : Professor HARTECK was not in tovn, bat vas met later (Konday,
23 0¢t_50) at the Maturforscher wad Arste Tagung in Munich,
Professor Jengea wes staying in Profeseor HARTROK's office —
during. a short sojourn in Hamburg on his vay home to Heidelberg =
from Stockhola, He took us around the institute, but the rielt
aid net include ell research rocew.
The somevhat_fragemntary impoession was of a busy and excellent” a
laborator The main interest ae the laboratory seems to be
jotop The laboratory is the ceater
“Daring the war it ves here
that such work vas doue as the separation of wrenium dootopes.
However, Heiseaberg had always opposed isotope separation as_
an industr ‘proceas om the German uranium project, so that the
vork here was dviel scale compared with the US effort.
Nevertheless, considerable geteral informatica has been obtained
and techniques vere worked oat. :
HARTECK ig a very Lively amd extremely enthusiastic. seat
somebody who never seems to tire aud enjoys “talking shop"
all occasions, His talk at the meeting of "Naturforscher wad
Arrte" was rather mediocre, But he seems to be the type of
person who has a lot of ideas,
{ ~WARTECK Vabuin the US during this year and is returning to the 9
UB im December, but not permanently. -
Indtvidwal Research 8
Projects : a, The most outstanding project is that of_the wlt eutrifagel
separation of gaseous Leotopte mixtures, The pres apparatus =
works on 4 batch system. esrent identical ceatrifuges
have been built and are im operation, but they work as single
units,
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The single wit is a 150 wa diameter alumious alloy cylinder,
about one meter in length; The cylinder is electrically ériven
- py an axial 660 cycle electric motor from which the centrifuge
hangs. Rotational velocities wp to 50 thousand rpe are optained,
The gas is fed into the ceater of the centrifuge by a steel
capillary, and after equilibrium bas been obtained it is removed
vy the same capillary, the lighter isotope enviched gas from the
center coming cat firet. = = = t
Selenius isotopes have been enriched by this method, using Hose
ap_cartier gat. :
It was origineily inteaded to use the tvo centrifuges in series
as a-continsoosly operating systew, Fy baring a eystex of _
baffley im tue single centrifuge, eo that the outer component of
one cempartvsent flowed iuto the immer part of the next compart
ment, cack centrifuge becam a multiple stage aseperator, By
yunaing onc centrifuge feater than the other 1t pusped from the —
second, This is not used at present.
The use of Ep os etabiliting gas ie au iwportant improvement.
Due to small tesperature gradients, or changer in speed, the
gazeowr contents of a centrifuge tend to get into turbulence,
vpsetting the equilibrium comditions. If considersble Ho ig
present, the gases ecparate quickly so that the average wolecular
veight of the gas mixture depends strongly on the gravitational
field, AS a result, the mixture is very stable, and no turbulent
convection occureo
>. _An interesting new method of enrichment of deuterium in byirogen
gee bas been worked owt, wing” low temperature absorption of th ;
gaa on silica gel. The gas praped off the absorbent is alszost
purely the light iaotope, Single stege enrichment factors of greater =
than one hundred are obtained, The low temperatures are those
of Lig<uid hydrogen. .
and 5s Ro 7
Tritive bss been found in this hydrogen.
isotopes vhich vas new to us, It was referr: © as the “Isotopen
Schieuse™, Its primciple is that evaporated gases of a certain
temperature are seat through two roteting slots. Tho different
speeds of the molecules with different isotopes are this way
used for the separation,
e,_A stati Wilsom clowl chasber. This we did not see, since
it trnew sat Jensen had not heard of it. HARTECK described it 22
to us in Mimich. fhe principle consists of the construction of @
vessel vith a teaperature gradient betveen a vater layer at plus
30 degrees and a layer at minus 30 degrees, At some places, the
aty is always rupereaturated, 66 that the chaxber is alvays ready
and no expansion is required, The great edvantsge is that there
aoe de wo limit to the size of this type of clowl chamber.
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seen
Institute 3
Place :
Directors 3
Visit Conducted
by
Other Research
Vorkers
Encountered 3
Equi pacet :
Gonarel Lupereesions _
end Rewaras $
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- Ob - ms
WOBNCEES UNIVERSITY,
Maaich,
Professer BOPP, Theoretische Physike.
Proferzor GERLACH, Erperimental Physik,
We directox, Physikalische Chemie.
Profesor BOPP, =
Not at the laboratozy, but at a besr party for the Maturforscher
‘wad Arzte mosting: Profesaor GRRLACH and Profersor SOMERFELD,
little atteapt has been wade to rebuild them,
Brtregsly poor,
The buildings of the university are thoroughly destroyed, and
We visited Professor BOPP, whom we had previously encountered
in Bad Wacheim, Me_has_a_few_pleasant rooms in en wiestroyed __
part_of the university, The main equipment of A theoreticion, —
the library, vas completely destroyed. However, Professor thes
SOMIRFFLD put bis pereonal librery at the disposal of the
institute, so that the gitustion for. theoreticians is not too
bal, Profeszor BOPP 1s a young man of some reputation, Eis
interest_is in gusntwn electrolynaied. oe
Professor BOPP painted a very ead picture of the state of affaire _———#
at Muenchen University, Indeed, he told we that there vas ee
nothing to see. The erperinestal physicists have bean working __
in_scome_heles in the ruias of the foimer wiilding, Wo sav
thoze, and it is indesd tha vorat lakratory in the comtry,
At prevent, their equipmest is disuantled, in order to be takea
to some rebuilt reems. Profezser GERLACH, the director, ie,
fer_the third time, rector of the wivereity and very busy vith
an infinity of ether things.
Tha physical chemistry laboratory is eseentially destroyed,
Clusius was director, an excelleat man, He got an offer from
y Y of Zuerich in 1947, which he could accept only
by crossing the boundary iato Bvitzerlend secretly, It ia said
that the BS eccupation forces vould not have let him loave the
countsy._ Clusius has Bot been replaced,
Cheuistry seeme to exist mainly in some suburbs, We sav a
student, on a PhD thesis, who did her regearch vork im the
cellar of her home! — :
Altogether, the impression is that Meenchen, at present, is a
ecompla tely dead.
It was pleasant to soe Professor SOMURFELD again, Ke has an
excellent memory for people, and is quite up-to-date on recent
literature and on US developments,
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oe
anny
ge
ee EF
Deas
3
5
Bal Remrks
Scientists
Eesouatered
3
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NATARFORSCEER USD _AERZIC TASUAY,
Mesich,
22-24 0&t 502
This meeting ie aa inatitution Walch wes founded about 150 yeare
ago; In foraar years mort epecial usetings, like those ef the
ies of petiatyiciangs, etc, were held im comjurction vith
to
This your, the "Taguag” wad eiseatially bela to reconstruct the —
old ocgactzation, Most of the epetialiced mostings were held,
omly the general show-lecturer vere given, Tho attendance vas _
Telstively raall; on paiely comporal of plyzicieas. —_
Of ths infinite nusher of “Begrusrmgranspracken” om Sunday, _
only one_atends out, the lecture by the Bundespresident, Hease.
It wes an excellect free 6 spasch of an exceedingly well educated
BaD,
Tres physics lectures on Monday were devoted to a review of the ==
derelepmant of quintun mechanics: Eeaisevberg, Leus, Karteck. ety
zeae ty lectare_was_not_oxtstasding; the ” Aber two, poor.
oes COMLEALE about a few things that annoyed wi are in the
geaexal part of the report. Om Tussdey, es ‘of Princeton, gave :
oa eluost tvo-bour talk on relativity, ecaly a fev specialists _
could underatand, This was followed by an excellent lecture by
Eeckeann on cogmlogy, and an alaost_equally good one by tha —_
ones Kiel,
a: Profersor Fectaaaa, attronmes, Kawturg,
Heckwant was 4 good friend ef ours_iu_ forwer times, We epent
‘D good deal of tine vith him, Ne baa eiace become ons of the
beat astronomers in Germany. That Ke ie held in bigh regard
by US astrononeres is borne out by the fect that he was invited -
to a visit of @ll major US obscrvateries last ef _
lectwre at the mssting vas truly outstesiiag. | way :
establish sa astrongeical observatory; rum by ae
astroncay dspartennt in Ban salvador, if observing condit.
az ssovn by mctenrological observations thia year, axe
alaeced gouk sucugk.
Reckwaar's Fecomt water the Wari Government vez excellent. He —
Ts a truly bonert, forthright amd decent person, He guarded his
ebildren ageaingt netional eocialist sufluences by bringing thes
vp in a religious tradition, Re. end bie. fenily vould never |
cooperate with the UEGR,
b. Profesgor Kienle, astronomer, Reidelberg.
We knew Kienie when be ves Profesor in Goettingen, He has since
been in Potadaw and left there a few months ago, with full Soriet
pexmission, to take the chair im Heidelberg. His budget in
Heideldatg will be less than one-tenth of that of the Fotedan
odzervatory, But he felt that bs could not stand the life wider
the Soviet occepation any longex, Ke felt free to talk about the
conditions in the Eastern Zons, His reports were very disquieting,
and are discunzed im the general part of the repert.
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¢. Professor Wolfgang Heubner, pharmacology, Freie Universitast,
Berlin,
Wait rasta in ert dikes to be, ter kaye a eee
Mazi regime is not clear to me, They helped and hid Jews by
every methed at their disposal, At present, they stil) talk _
about the terrible isjustices done by the Nazis, but not abows = -
their_ove miefortuncs,
- &-
a. Professor vom Lave,
Behe de ee He stayed vith us vhea he
received an honorary degree in Chicago, His wright record
under the Basie is well known, He is_one. of the few marviving
physicists who contributed to the sees era of science develop- _ |
ment in Germany, _ ‘
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61, Institute : PHYSIKALISCHES INSTT DmR TECHNISCHE HOCHBCHULE, MUENCHEN. :
Place ; : Kwnich,
Director : Professor JOB.
Date - . : Wednesday, 25 Oct 50.
Visit Conducted —
s Professor JOOS.
Beilding 3 The building is an elegant, spacieus structure of the 1920's,
It was dumoged, suffered eeverely from neglect, but is now re-
paired and enlarged,
Bquipment é Most prever equigsent was lost dus to neglect and theft, — The
g procese of rebuilding apparatus has only just begun.
General Inpression
end Remarks 3 JOOS ds a cross between an experimentalist and &@ theorist. _
Whenerer he is mantioned by his colleagues, it ie said that
he_is_such a difficult person. To us, be was cordial and
entaat @ has had an wafortupate postwar experieace, |
He came to Mecnchen ia 1945 end wes invited by the Bigual Corps
to com to the US in 1947, He seems to have had the ispreseion
] position at Boston —
“A r Ld earch
University, ‘his vas Rot the case, Re was ‘Ceiaidered a "non-
existing alien", his mail yas censored and held wp. There wes
no-equipment for any kind of research. He vas notéle to make
contacts with other scientists in the US. He left in 1949, al-
though his family vould have ae to stay. vefore he
left he was given a regular immigration viea, He holds a "permit
to reenter" the US, vhich could be be extended, but he intends to
let it lapse. JOOS is quite bitter ebout this experience, He
AE pay Bay t00-Mick aboot TE 85 BN; pet ve Beat DOR RT _
sides that he ie very vociferous in scolding. oo
J008 is not a man with many ideas, put a good physicist, ue
laboratory suffered during his ebsence, less from the original
damage but from severe meglect of the necessary repairs. It is
wow in good coadition, JO08 hes so far spent his efforts more.
on-reconstruction of the pooper “fecdlities than on research,
_ new 16 room has been built, although it does
Stites ‘by Pokl ant his
uipment for the "praktikum" are vel)
Very Little actual research is going on,
Iadividual Research -
Problems ;
¢ be dome, for
52 boron, He would like to stuly
neutron giftvection on exystals, and was very disappointed vnen
Laue, at the 1 peering of the Faturforecher und Aerzte Tag, shoved
‘some beautiful US photographs of just this work,
Goettingen, he he vorkea on wranyl salts, in vaich hydrogen vas re-
placed by deuterium, This type of vork was extensively pureved
during the var in the US. His interest ie now in the salts of
chromium, .
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62.
Inetitute 3
Place 3
Director 3
“Date “8
Visit Comucted
by 8
Building 3
Equipment 3
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XRSTITUT FUER AKIEWANDTE PHYSIK DER TECHNWISCHER BOCHSCHULE,
°
Munich,
Professor MRISSMER,
Wednesday; 25 Oct 50,
Profesaoxe MEISSHER asi SCHUBERT.
The_institute is in one wing of the enormous Technische Hochschul:
This wing vas not tedly damaged during the var and te large, with
large pleasant rooms _vell euited for research, -
Mo very special apparatus was seen, dut there seemcd to be an
sayuate supply of electrical equipment, vacuum pumps, etc. the -
shop vaz good and A quite 4 & bit of apparatus had been constructed
in it,
General Impression =
ond Remarke . ¢
Profeszcr. _MEISSWR 6 a fiel4 of work is in su cz conan iat A
“work is 4 oratory Herr: oan
this laboretery the euphaste. iv on diplon and acctorel dlsietas—
tions, Mach ef the werk 1@ em applications, ami some of it done
for_indastrisl firms or ot bureaue_in order to obtain
some money for the li
Profezsor WXISSKER appears much younger and sore Vigorous than _
one would expect for a mon of his age (62). He vas extremely
cordial, amd not in the least tt, Ose hed the impression =
of greater cooperation and friendship betweea the chief and the
atudents than is frequently seen, All stwlents were introduced,
and esked to explain their work, Altheugh the student was
freqeantly Interreptes by MEISSN, when the explanation was ;
thought to be too detailed or inadequate, this ves done ina
friendly vay. The general atwosphere of this laboratory vas
Professor SCHUBERT ves “house theoretician” and hag just |
accepted a call to Mainz as "Srtraordinarius", Ke obviously _
loves. and worships hie chief. He gave the impression of con
Gideradle odility, although lacking MRISSMER's fire and. a
originality,
Ex y of the sound a arerniag Qualities —_
‘terials. One probles,' the testing of gaming machine
_Pwre chance machines vere tested to see if they were
honest. Other machines, in vhich a skill element was supposed _
to be involved, were also tested,
>. The heat conductivity of large samples of xaterials,
expecially building materials, were determined, both slightly
above and below room temperature, -
ec. Single crystals of metals, thallium and indium alloys, were =~
grown in the form of thin long samples in glass capillarics.
These axe for use in experiments on superconductivity. ‘The
eryetals vera then Seated to see “af they vere actually single —~
exystals, —
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(1) One method of teat is to observe the plane of
polerization of the light reflected by the crystal froma
polarized incident beam, The cryttal is then moved axially
go that the position et which the reflection occurs is
If the plane of TOUTE changes, then the crystal is not
a single” crystal,
(2) An X-Fey Camera is ‘get wp amd a photograph of a portion
of the vire is taken, The wire is then novel axially so that
@ nev epot iz exposed, If the two photographs overlap, then
the crystsl is single. :
(3). Metal vires grown in glass tubes ususlly ebow con- :
sidéreble distortion from true single crystals dus to the —
strains produced by the fact thet the melt adheres to the
glass valis, If the glass is coated on the inside with soot,
thie dows not occur. The soot coating is accomplished by sucking
a benzene flame into the capillary.
nuclear spins ves aia constructed, —
= The Benedix effect (see Gobrecht --Berlin) was to be tested,
uisg Fings in vbich Sin teepecetie eredient 46 different on ~~
the _tvo sides,
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ST Poe See
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= 9-
63, Institute - : KAELTE LABORATORIUM DER BAYRISCHEN AKADEMIE DER VISSERSCHAPTER .-
Place : t Herreching (40 loa south of Munich),
Director . 2 Professor MEISSEER.
Date - st Wednesday, 25 Oct 50,
Visit Conducted Se -
by $ Professor MEISSNER, Professor BCHUBIRT, Dr Hans MKISSKER (son
of Professox MEISSKER), =
Other Research
Workers
Bocountered : Dr SCHMEISSER (2).
Building = The institute is housed in tvo mmall one-story barracks, one of
vhich, the main laboratory, is well constructed; the other, which
howes the shop, offices, and some living roems is of_vood. —_
Both builds were well remodeled for their present use, and . ~—
the institute although small appoared to be vell and pleasantly _
housed, There is no library, which is a disadvattage since
the_distance to Mmich fs net negligible.
Equipment $ The chief equipment of this laboratory consists of geod Sire
and helium-liquefiers, This is the only place, except Erlangen, —
that we have seen a helium-liquefier in Germany, and it is the
only place in which helium is liquefied in quantity, —
Tae electrical equipment for making magnetic and electrical
masurements_vas also satisfactory aml adequate.
It_is intended to purchase a new compressor_and construct a_
hydrogen-liquefier, a
General Impression _—_ ——,
end Remarks 8 y
Professor MEISSIOR will keep this laboratory after his retire-
ment from the university,
MEISSHER's laboratory has been renowned in the pest for its —
excellent machine shop, and the collaboration between shi
end scientific workers, This tradition vas broken during the
var end is being gradually rebuilt, The shop here manufactures
the liquefiers, vhich are reasonably complicated and difficult, = __
Ia addition, the shop, in collaboration with Dr Haas MEIGEMER, - a
had developed wire presses for extruding fine wires of metals 9
Such as lead and bismuth, not normally purchasable in wire form.
We were introduced to the master mechanic as "the soul of the
laboratory" and to bis assistants, The same hearty cooperative
tone that we noticed in MEISSNER's Technische Hochschule institute
prevailed here, a SE
ee Young Hans MEISSUR iapressed ws as a skilled experimenter, = __
enthusiastic in his interest, and probably @ very excellent
Physicist. It would be desirable to have him visit the US;
he would like to go,
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__Probless 7 3
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Helium is liquefied by the process suggested by Cellins Cw).
Tho compressed heliva gas at 30 ehaospheres is cooled to liquid
air temperatures. One-this of the ges ia then diverted to a
chamber in which it expands ediabetically, ame work against a
piston, to one etmoephere, end thus cooling the ges. This gas
is then heat-exchanged 4 agninet the other. two-thinis, which then.
expands into the liquefier.
This method obviates Sirhan Hehe HRCA liqaid hydrogen
stage, and thus no hytrogen liquefier is necessary.
There are two heliua liquefiers, | yield helivm at a rete of
tvo.or three liters an hour, the first liquid appears a halt- —
hour efterthe start.
They also have a strong pumping system attached to the storage
Toggel for Aqui Belay and have been able to get down to
0. ————
Professor MEISSHER how bas an - adequate ovpply of helium, He was
invited te the lov temperature conference in Cambridge, Mass
last_year, end as 6 result of this visit, Condon and Brickwedde © -
hin | of belive, —
dirty lead surfaces 18
mde, the contact resistance may be __
considerat
Labbe dissppears -Sowplstely 9 vben the lead
A teat of the Heisenberg theory of f#rperconductivity was being
setup.
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6%. Institute : PRYSTRALISCHES INSTITUT DER UNIVERSITAET,
Place 3: Erlangea,
Director : Professer HILSCE.
Date : : Thursday, 26 Oct 50,
~-"-¥isit Comducted
by : Profesor HILSCE.
Other Research
. Yorkers
Excoustered 3 Ie BOCKEL ow’ Dr SAVER.
. Buildiag 3 The building in excellent. It waa not destroyed, and, in fact,
has been added to considerably betveen the war and the monetary —
; reform, :
2quipwcat 3 The equipment, likevite is awple and eatisfactory. There ere a
few excellent spectrographs, an X-ray outfit, ete, The scul of
the leboratory consists of liquid air, hydrogen, and innumerable
Delius liquefiers (expansion principle).
General XIapression ee
and Rewarks s Professor HILSCH is a pupil of Pohl in Goettingen, He definitely
‘bears the Pohl stamp, alucet impresses one af @ Younger edition
ef Pohl, with Pobl's abilities ani faults, HILSCH has the SS
appropriate aggressiveness to get on in the difficult situation
in Germaay.-
Daring the R-Mark-times he started to enlarge bis institute |
considersbly ani_elegantly, Ee bailt a beautiful lecture room.
for the big physics course, an exact replica of the famous cue of SS
t
Pob-(a_stud Pokl_can_alvays be recognized by the lecture
room he builds), Two stories of laboratories were added, vaich
new also houte the mathematicians, Even from the outside the
building looks very beautiful, efficient and functional, HILSCH
vas _instrawentel in acquiring an adjacent building for an _
Institut Tuer Angevandte Physik, so that Erlangen has nov oe
tvo physicists, HILSCH came_to Erlangen in 1940,- :
Duriag the var, RILSCH had a var contract _vhich val simply called
"low teaperatures", At that time, be acquired two compressors, —_ _
for hydrogen and helium, After the war,:HILSCH seeie to have = =——~SO
had et_all tines the support of the » ocewpation forces. He
acquired another compressor, some spectrographs, etc, At present,
he receives frequent gifts of helium from Americans, which keep
him going.
HILSCH (like Pohl), is hammering avay on one particular problem.
No attempt at broadening the scope of the vork ie made (at least __
ve vere not_shewn anything else), The subject is an interesting =
and fashionable one, namely the investigation of superconduct
of metals, The exyperimatal work is excellent, -dg_one p.
¥ which works vith cleaser chemicals than any chemist,
Taere are any number of small heliwa liquefiers in the various
laboratories, These axe comstructed in such a vay that it takes
" an hour to produce the liquid helium, which will stay ia the yesselL
ae oe for.15 hours, The temperature cannot be reduced belew.1.2 degrees
~ Kelvin. The apparatus can be warmed up in a short time, so that ,
tvo measurements can be mle ina day, (A measurement of MEISSERR's
. Sere = ey days, although MEISSNER ie able to do things vhich HILSCH
cannot,
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Individual Research
Projects
eo
BILSCH has not published much, but the vork be hae done iz very
interesting. Hé Works with thin films of astels which axe
evaporated on quartz plates at various temperatures, from tvo
degrees to room tempereture.
RILSCH bas also inherited tvo bad traits from Pohl, He has 4
= 93 -
contespt for theory. He has eometbing which he calle-a theory, =
but it is really just a vorkiag hypothesis, namely that crystal
imperfections bare something to do with superconductivity. He
de not interested in current theories of superconductivity. In”
contrast, Melemner in Herreching, is attempting to teat, and to
“tha various somevbat contradictory theories.
SecomAly, HILSCH seems to be somevhat unpleasant to his under-
lings. Students were not ietroduced of epoxen to, Assistants
vere introduced, but treated cartly.
HILSCH has linited the nueber of students in bis laboratory
severely, He bas four students working for the diploma examina-
tion, four for the doctorate, four assistants, This, of
course, produces good vorking conditions. _HOLSCR has shed ali
jobs like dean, etc, and is quite free to werk,—
We have both knovn ETLSCH since the 1920's vhen be vorked in
Goettingen. He is the fifth physicist ve mst who is ed
to a school friend of kite, Im 1939, while HILSCH vas still an
agsistant in Goettingen, he was offered the professorship in
Prague, Be declined since he felt that the job was distasteful,
Gudden, then in grlangen, went ani perisbed there during the lest —
“of the var. HILSCH ves not @ Wezi, = = - :
HILSCH made some comments about the ERP money which are vorth
wentioning, He stands to receive 50 thousand DN. The Notgemein-
achaft, vhich administers the money, requires that he spend it,
or at least contracts equipment for it, within three weeks.
Gince this amount is precisely five times his yearly budget he
hates to do thie in such a short time. He does not know - end
+ direction his research vill lead
no scientist can mow
him, aod whith appare’
2 in
could be spread over a few yesrs, it wewld be infinitely mre
useful,
a. Thin films of tin evsporated upon a quarts plate, held at two
degrees absolute have a much higher transition point to super-
conductivity than bulk tin, or tin evaporated on a quarts plate
at room teaperature, Upon heating, the fila changes irreversibly,
ia such a way that the transition temperature is dependent on the
higheet teaperature filu has kncvn.— Scae of the films are
300_ . ) Baye & resistance of 20. ‘thousand Ohms,
which completely disappears below the transition point,
Db. This effect is also observed vith other mperconducting sub-
etences, The percentage change in transition temperature for films —
vhich bave known no teaperature higher than tvo degrees compared
to those which have know room tesperature is roughly proportional
Ne Will need ina year, If the money =
to the Debye tesperature of the metal (for Pb there is no change,”
for Hg it is negative).
mee tk 2 the aheawnttian af flag ‘ough juper=
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ae eS eee ee ae ron Gare Eee eas be 3 vy *
imperfections have something to do with eupercomductivity. He
is not Approved for Release: 2022/06/22 Co001078e'conductivity. In
contrast, Meissner in Herreching, is attempting to teat, and to
prove or disprove, the various someviat contradictory theories.
Secomily, KILSCH seems to be eomewhat unpleasant to his wnder-
lings, Students were not introduced or epoken to, Assistants
were introduced, but treated curtly.
HILSCH bag limited the nusber of stulents in bis laboratory
severely. He has four students working for the diploma examina-
tion, four for the doctorate, and four assistants. This, of
course, produces good working conditions. HILSCH has shed all
jobs Like dean, otc, and is quite free to work; -
We have both known HILSCH since the 1920's when he worked in '
Goettingen. He is the fifth physiciet we met vbo ie married
to a school friend of mine, In 1939, while HILSCH was still an
assistant in Goettingen, he was offexed the protesaorehip in
Prague. Be declined since he felt that the Job was distastefW,
Gudden, then in Zrlangen, went and perished there auring the last” iid
daye of the Var.” HILSCH vas not @ Nazi.
HILSCH maze some comments about the ERP money vhich are vyorth -
wentioning, He stands to receive 50 thousand DM, The Notgemein-
schaft, which aduinistera the money, requires that he spend it,
or at least contracts equipment for it, within three weeks, -
Since this exount is precisely five times his yearly bodget he
bates to do this in stich @ short time. He does not kmow - and
no scientist can know = in vhat direction his research will lesa
him, and vhich apparatus he will need in a year, If the money
could be spread over a few years, it weuld be infinitely more
useful oe
Individual Research:
Projects : @. Thin files of tin evaporated upon 4& quarts plate, held at tvo
degrees absolute have a mich higher transition point to super-
conductivity than bulk tin, or tin evaporated on a quarts plate —
- at room temperature. Upon heating, the film changes + ibly
im such a vay that the transition tezperature is dependent on th
higheet teaperature the film has kncwn. Som of the films are
only-300 Angstroeas thick, bavé @ resistance of 20 thousand Ohms, —
vhich completely disappears below the transition point,
bd. This effect is also observed with other superconducting sub-
atences,. The percentage change in transition temperature for Silas
vhich have known no temperature higher than tvo degrees compar
to those which have known room temperature is roughly propert
to the Debye temperature of the metal (for Pb there is no change,”
for Hg it is negative). :
cs. Thé observation of the absorption of films through the super=
conducting point has Bever shova any change, The experiment 16
to be repeated with higher accwracy,.
a, SAUER observes the X-ray spectrum of tin film, but nob
yet at low temperature,
5 3402L-/
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@. It is not quite easy to introduce crystal imperfections
into eome_superconductors, Tin, for instance, dces not
Se ee a Aissolve copper. ‘HILSCH produces atomically dispersed copper in
tin by evaporating both simaltancowsly on a quartz plate at tvo
degrees, The superconducting transition temperature rises,
After the film bas been varm, the transition temperature is
that of pure tin. -
~She
f. Im connection vith this, some vepor pressure measurements |
of films and alloys ere undertaken. -
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- 65.
Institute 3
Place :
— Director === 8
Date :
Visit Conducted
by :
Other Research
Workers
Encomtered 3
Building &
Equipment 5
General Lapression
and Reaarks :
: the world's research in the field of chemical
: end Randall nomenclature, it is somewhat unfortunate that none
' Geminar given by an assistant of the epplied chemistry institute,
another pos
= A CS OE I TD
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~ 95 -
PRYSIKALISCH CHEMISCERS IRSTITUT DER UNIVERSITAET, ERLANGEN,
Erlangen.
Professor Eric LANGE, -
Friday, 27 Oct 50,
Professor LAKE.
Several astistaats and students,
The building, apparently untouched by the war, hag been re- fs
Gecorated inside, and war reasonably large, pleasant and ‘well
waited for research,
The wsusl physical_cheaical equipment of thermostata, electrical
measuring devices, pumps, etc, appeared to de present in adequate
amount, The most important apparatus consisted of two bighly
Leer pe differential calorimeters, for the measurement of heate
of dilution,
eee LANGE ie a thermodynawici«t, : Ke has recently vritten
a short textbook on chemical thermodynsaics, end if a member —
of the international committee on nomenclature, His work.
is in the electrochemical elde of the CH ile =
site :
nomenclature for some tine before | Siaiting t the Aes: BO
: The international comdttee on thermodynavic end electrochemical
nomenclature has a US chairman, van Rhyseelbergh, of Oregon
vho, hovever, has bees educated in Belgium, US nomenclature
: bas’ been reaarkebly standard for_the past 30 years, following _
that of the classic thermodynamic text of Lewis and Rendall,
Van Rhysselbexgh bas been_one of the few-exceptions, tending
to wee one of the several Evropean systems, Since sbout —
has been doné in the Us, ani mostly published vith the tea
of the enthusiastic proponents of this aystes, of hich there
aremany, are represented on the committee. It if likely that
the_comuittes vill make a recommendation which will not be
followed ia the Ws. _
' Following this discussion we visited the laboratory, which gave
the impression of good, Solid, and precise experimentation,
After visiting the laboratory, I attended a short daproaptu
who vas leaving The vork reported vas not
‘or °
particularly iapreséive, | "and th the seutnar seemed a little stiff; oe
no meaber except Professor LARUE made any comments,
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- 96 -
_ Individual Research
Problems” 2 a. Differential Calorimeter: A wiitiple element thermocouple,
having some two hundred elements in series, vith alternate clement
— on the tvo sides of a flat plate, separates two sides of a
cylindrical dowble walled Devar, ‘Ths plane of "plate" is
parallel to the axis of the Dewar, fhe tvo sides each contain
a stirrer, and a gold plated "pipette" which can be opened
Similtancously at tha top aad bottom, The two aides are ~
filled with identical asounts of pure solvent (water) and the
pipette of one side with the saze sohents that of the other vith
& solution of Boms solute,
The Devar ig pl
After texper equilibrium is established the be Pipettes exe
opened, Temperature differences as small as degrees can
be measured, although only those of about 10°° degrees are
significent, The instrument is probably one of the moet precise
heat of dilution calorimeterg,
ei ia thermostat controlled to ro-} degrees, a
bo Volta potential of various surfaces are measured by the con-~
dengor method, In particular there was a device by which an iron
surface could be scraped clean in ya yakiged and the Volta potential
mearured immediately, Eren at 107 the oxidation changes the
potential in a few minutes, —
ce, The emterion_of_electrons in vacuum by a newly produced.
swface (ses Gosttingen) vas investigated by Using a stream
of liquid marcury, The effect is pregent, but of short duration. —
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i a el ees
exit
66. Institute «ss GEOCHEMISCHES TUSTITUT (THEOLOGISCHR BOCHSCHULR) . -4
Place : Bamberg.
Director : Professor W BODMACK,-
Date : Friday, 27 Oct 50.0
Visit Conducted
by t De Bya (Mrz) KODDACK, ©
Building 3 According to “92 MODDACK, the equipment fe all personal property
of ths HODNACKS and wary adequate for their purpose,
General Imression
and Remarks ; : The ascension of Basherg to a “Hochschule” with @ science faculty
ond ite aspiration to become a full fledged university is a
postwar development, Since Muenchen was thoroughly deatroyed, —
and_is, infect, not yet buils up, the tvo Roman Catholic”
to handle t¢ “the entering | students in the firat. semesters. At the |
. other_universities, one hears nothing good about eithar
es institution, The medical faculties seosplain that the training
of-the pre-meds is vory poor indeed, We heard from many sides
that the Roman Catholic Kultus Minister, Hundkamoar, 16 vitally ~~~
datereated in the two catholic - really Catholic Church » :
enterprises_at Bawberg and Regensburg, He supports them ae -
while he triea his beat to retard the legitizate Bevarian .
Univereities of Muenchen, Erlangen: and Wuereburg Regensburg
is rumored to have obtained a lerge-electron microscope from
ERP_money_vbich, it is claimed, is administered by the Bavarien
Wirtechafteministerium, Rurdhanmer_ isa native of Regensburg,
and the Bavarian Ministerpraesident a natives of Bamberg.
In 196, when great muubers of freshmen entered the universities, — _
it my have been a wise move to get them started in two une _
deatroyel cities, By now, the usefulness of the two acadentes _
is very guestioasble, The legitimte universities can, by now,
handle the beginners easily, It Just dots not make any _ a
difference if there are 50 more students ina large freshman
class of tvo hundyéd, The trouble of the regular universities __
begine with the advanced students, when there if not enough
laboratory epace and equipment to go around. At that stage,
the universities have to screen students, Ramberg and
Regensbur; Hot equipped to give this sraining, and sims.
increase the troubles of the regular wnivergities, = _ —
The science faculty of Basberg containg the NODDACKS, vho are ©
both scientists of repute. HODMACK handles physical chemistry.
Some unknown teaches inorganic chemistzy, There le a physicist
by the name of Vierling, It is typical that the physicists of
Wuerzburg and Erlangen did not knov his nae. With one
probable new addition (ses later) this comprises the whole
physical eciencez, It is certsinly an inadequate ataff to give =
wore than the beginning of training in the actences.
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= 98 «
Bamberg haz offered a professorship in theoretica) physics to
Pasqual Jordan, and he has accepted. Since, in the moantime,
Hesburg has extended his guest professorship, it ie not quite
certain that he will arrive. Jordan ie a very well known i ——
of the Bonn school. He ves a definite, outspoken Mari, and
wrote a musber of public atatements about “German Physics”,
etc. He is a persona nop grata vith Bohr in Copenhagen,
After.the var, the Germsa Ceremitien aid not vant him, >
in spite of the fact that there is a great lack of theoreticlans
of his age and reputation. He has recently published some very
wild, and not too well thought out, theories of commlogy. He
does not seem to be a very valuable addition to a university, —
except for enhancing ita reputation. Politically an’. philosophical: |
Jordan ig es unstable as
heard details about his Kazi ords and ecientific publications
later. On this trip, we did not meet biz anywhere.
We came to Bamberg at a somewhat inopportune time. The ge epoentcal
laboratory was being moved from a monastery to @ castle, and
Professor BODDACK was not available. Mrs NODDACK asked us to —
visit her at_her home, which we did. Everybody who has been
fe knew Jordan in 1928 in doettinge: |
interested in the cosmological abundance of elements has met the
mane of the FODDACKS, ‘heir life work has been the chemical
analysis of minerals, especially quartitative measurement of the .
amounte of rare constitwents. Their work has Leib ng 2 ae
correct.__Harrison Brown in Chicago bas-a poor opinion of it;
but_it fe extremely difficult work vhich can now be done much =
easier by.use of neutrons.
Mrs BODDACK received us quite cordialiy, but we came avay with the
impression of a not very pleasant perzonality, She is the only
person we met vho vas definitely hostile tovards the US, She _
tried to impress us with the fact that the situation in the US _
was_very bad, She claimed that they had an offer_to go to the
US, but "if one works at a university in the US, one starves
(verbungert)". A denial on our part made no impression,
KODDACK was known as a convinced Nazi. He vent to Strasbourg 7
in 1943 which is not a recommendation. They fled before Allied
“troops entered ;~ bis Bae all their equipment. Why they
landed in Bamberg ve could 1 q
that it has something to do with the fact that Bamberg was more
inclined to take people vith a Nazi record. MODDACK has formed
find out. I bave the suspicion
quite a school and has eight students working towards a doctorate, =
which Bamberg is not allowad to grant, He will send them else-
where to finish, A new laboratory has been promised, although
there seems to be some difficulty to convince the Church Fathers
that science needs space and money, _
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67. Institute | & PHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT DER UNIVERSITAETS,
Place 3 Wuerzburg,
Director t Professor KUHLENKAMPF,
Date i Saturday, 28 oct 50,
Visit Conducted
by : Dr LEISEGARG, Dr FETZ.
Other Reecarch
- Workers
Encountered i: Professor. KUHLENKANPF, Professor OTT (theoretical physics), and
any Bumbex of students.
Bailding s The building was constructed in 1875 fad is consequently very ~~
old-fashioned, It was somevhat damaged during the var but hag
: deen repaired,
Equi pment :
This_is the laboratory vhere Rosnegsa Giscovered the X-rays, _
It eti11 follows Roentgen's ¢: don and limits its research
Ge to the X-ray field, a KUBLEAKAMPY arrived in 1946, there vas
very little equinment present, due to age and attitude of the _
previous director. KVHLENKANPF brought sows apparatus with him ~~
trom Jena, Several _bigh voltage generators exist. Support
for the laboratory has bean at a minima;— There ig. hope for the |
acquisition of a 25 MEV betatron from RRP money.
Geacral Impression _ -
and Remarks : In come respects this was the most_pleasant visit OS OY csr us sees
laboratory where ve were not vell_kmown, We had met Professor :
KUBLENKAMPF at Bad Nauheim and told him that ve vould cometo
Visit him, Ke vas out_of town when we arrived, but had informed : —
his staff. Dr LEISEGABO and Dr FEZ received us with wusual
cordiality_and friendliness, ‘They took us_through the laboratories,
and it _vas_an entirely different visit from the Usval_one, When
they_entered a room, they would announce, "Boys, ve have visitors
from the US", and then introduce us to every last person in the
room, including mechanics. Somehov, the students vere not at
all stiff, The assistants asked the students to explain their
apparatus, and did not continually interrupt and take over,
The students talked freely and well, There was nowe of the. --~
usual stiffness and shyacss, It was apparent that the relations
between the assictants and stwlents are much more cordial than
with the chief, who has rarely tine to enter a students!
laboratory, It was indicated that_the risit would have been
4ifferent had KUHLEKKAMPF been Present,i LEISEGANG than decided
that all of them vould like to hear about the US, andasked all.
etudeats up to the laboratory to talk to us, 80, for the first
time, on our last _visit to a German laboratory, ve sat around
@ table with about tan Students, told them about the US, and
listened to their troubles, — LEISEGARG_was_very worried about
‘a reaction vhen he heard about it » but we were very
Pleased,
The troubles of the students and assistants are very real and
= th Shae Mawese ee feee nna — 2 is
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ENN eee SIAR, Fees Yayo
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by : Dr LEISEGARG, Dr FET2.
Other Research
Workers : :
Encountered : Professor KUHLENKAMPF, Professor O¥T (theoretical physics), and
any nusber of students,
Building : The building was constructed in 1875 and is consequently very
old<fashioned, It was somewhat damaged during the war but has
bees repaired,
_ Equipment “: Tale in the laboratory vhere Rosntgen discovered the X-rays, |
It still follows Roentgen's t. ion and limits its research _ —
to the X-ray field, When KURLENKAMPF arrived in 1946, there was
a very little equipment Present, due to age and attitude of the
previous director. KVHLENKAMPF brought some apparatus with him
from Jena. Several high voltage generators exist. Support
for the laboratory hasbeen at a minimm, There {6 |
acquisition of a 25 MEY betatron from ERP money,
General Impression a 7
and Remarks : In some respects this was the most pleasant visit of any
laboratory vhere ve vere not well known,: We bad met Professor
KUELEMKAMPP_at Bad Nauheim and told him that ve would come to.
Visit him, He vas out_of town vken ve arrived, but had informed
his_etaff.~ Dr LEISEGABO and Dr FET received we with wnusual
cordiality and friendliness, They took us through the laboratories,
and it_vas an entirely different visit from the usval_ one.” When
they entered a roca, they vould annownce; “Boys, ve have visitors
fromthe US", and then introduce us_to every last person in the
room, including mechanics. Bomebow, the students were not at _ ooh
all stiff, ‘the assintants_asked the students to explain their _ _
apparatus, and did not continually interrupt and take over.
The students talked freely ani vell, here was nose of the eae
sual stiffness and shyness. It vas_apparent that the relations
betveen_the assistants and students are much more_cordial than
with the chief, vho has rarely time to enter a students!
laboratory. It was indicated that _the visit vould have.
KVELERKAPP_ NG then decided
em_would like to hear about the US, and as all _
students up to the laboratory to talk to us, 80, for the firat ——
time, on our last vieit to a German laboratory, ve sat around oe
a tedle with about ten students, told them about the U8, and ; :
listened to their troubles. LRISEQANG vas very vorriel about...
XUHLENKAMPF's_reaction vhen he heard about it, but ve were very
pleased, i
The troubles of the students and assistants are very real ant
serious. With the German wiversity set-in, only a handful of
physicists have a chance even to become an "Ordinarius",. In-
dustry at present te hardly taking any physicists (alunough
Siemens had just engaged @ atudent of Professor oTT, a
theoretician). In the laboratory the director is a complete
god, and just about as invisible, since Bt is burdened by -
claggee, exams, end administration, Nobody is consulted adout —
matters concerning the vhole laboratory, « :
Cee g34021-WMl
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ene eS i
€° ~ 100 -
They complained that the training of students 18 poor.” The
syaten of the US, yhere many full professors vork in the san
laboratory, seemed to thar a vast inprovemeat. . ~
the lack of equipment and financial support from the Fultur-
ministerius is very serious, The Lendteg of Bavaria vented
to found a second chair for physics in Wuersburg. However, the
Kulturwinister, Bundbamer, ppoke against it amd got thea to
reconsider! This “Je really a fantastic state of affairs.
In the afternoon, LEIAEGARG and FETZ decided to show us
Wuerzburg. In thie process, we wet XUBLERKANF , just returning
from Erlangen; where be bad discuss prices of # detatron with
Siemens, Wwe had & long $alk with bia, and all of them sew us off
at the statics.” bas ao 7
The equipment of this Laboratory is asfinitely very POT. The
assistonts claimed that only Muenster wes WOrSe. Tee research
is very limited to the single field of X-rays. jhe livrery i
pelongs mostly to Jemae - oe
Tadividual Research
Problems a, SCHUFRER measures the velocity spectrum in the pack-diffusio
of electrons of 40 KBY which hit & metal plate,
b>. Bomebody tests the "echerter forma” for the angular
diatribution of X-rays progeced on very thin alumina foils.
cz —LETSBOARG intends to determing the degree of poletization of ~~
Xerays by measuring tracks of electrons produced by Xerays in a
Wilson cloud chamber. This moans 6 stereoscopic measurement
My eone thousands of tracks, He hep to do this himself, altboug
it ig -vork for @ technician. He is quite. unhappy about it, but
it seems to be the chief's suggestions ec 8 HO)
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Page 340
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
ju pore /?
é
MEMORANDUM FOR: Director, Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency
ATTENTION: ~~ “Colonel BL W. Heckemayer
SUBJECT: JIOA Watch List of 17 March 1952
1, We have received a memorandum
from which the following paragraph is quot:
32?
¢
"The_names_of _rersonnel given in the referenced
document _as baie aseoolated with Leal po warteze —
dean _cs od :
per ,
vatcbing because of any possible solentific achieve=
mont or direction of polley in the field of biologi-
eal warfare should be revised, The names of von =
. Sioherer, Kempfer, and Eschenback are recomended
for removal from the list. No additions are recommended
at this tine.”
2.—Would you_ploase advise me of what acticn can take
on this recommendation |
1 e
Cc
Approved fac Releese
ane
f Date Liao
VCIA Dental
202 Fnu von SICHERER
&& 26? UioaPESHemacH . .
QU 8 32024-7937
me |
ee Approved for Release: 2022/06/22 C00010786
Page 341
———- Approved for Release: 2022/06/22 C00010786
c SO: as
CENTRAL AV REPORT eee
“INFORMATION REPORT co xo
SECURIFY INFORMATION :
CASE
COUNTRY Germany (West Zone)/USSR oe orede, FEB 52
NO. OF PAGES 3
DAS 1197
SUBJECT- Soviet Reasons for Return of German
Specialists/Prospects for a New Paperclip Project
PLACE a ae NO. OF ENCLS.
ACQUIRE aaa (USTED BELOW)
DATE SUPPLEMENT 10 eee 7
ACQUIRED BY SOURCE Nov 51 REPORT NO.
DATE OF INFORMATION Nov 51 i
: ___GRADING OF SOURCE BY OFELCE OF ORIGIN SOURCE’S OPINION OF CONTENT
. NOT CANNOT - CANNOT
forme [aetna [eetatie [BBlay [R2haoe [Be | tue [RoR [RRgRe [oovenr [prawn [FER
fs x [e Te ode we Xe
aI RORUaENT CERIAIAD INFORMATION AFFECTING THE MATIORAL DUPLASE
OF TNE UNITED StAtES witniN : :
Ose Silano O2 as Antnbeo, 7h TRansuission Cf Tod ALNELAHOR THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
OF 17S COMTENTS IM AMY MANNER TO AN UMAUTKOMIIED: - 7
MOGIIED oy tae RUPROQUCTION OF THiS FORM IE PROMOTED.
SOURCE
13a
o
1. Prior ‘EES vovec.er 1951, the Soviets returned to the oe
East Zone about. erman specialists out of the hundreds that went to the
\ ale Ww USSR. These returnees were: placed in good industrial positions in the East _ —~
A
ie
Zone by the authorities and _were™ 3 to remain weve -
ie 7 eeranet ta the Mast Zone.
a ees « there are thres ong Why whe Soviets sony these —
M60 CASK.
S 2. Firet, the Soviets sent back-only-those-men-who did not sign a document to '
become menbers of the Communist Party. Such Germans would always be a special
security risk.
3. Second, all the Germans that went to the USSR-had five year contracts which “fl
expired during 1951. These men were all well known.” cael could not dis-
eppear without the fact being noticed.
4, Third, all the Germans in the USSR worked only with top-notch Soviet scientists
and engineers who telked-the same technical language. No Soviet military man
of lower rank than General contacted them. Thus mutual confidence vpe built
up, as a result of woich the Germans opened up fully about their_past Work and. __
planned developments. They now suppose that the Soviets, after these five
years, no longer need them in order to continue work along the German lines
or otherwise.
| 5, (UREEEERSRPGEEEEIAA poroved for Release: 2022/06/22 C0001078¢.Rgia aAaaaNERRenammmmD
Page 342
SUPPLEMENT TO
R eee)
DAT
ACQUIRED BY SOURCE Nov 5 ‘Approved for Release: 2022/06/22 C00010786P ORT NO.
DATE OF INFORMATION Nov 51 '
GRADING OF SOURCE BY OFFICE OF ORIGIN ai _ SOURCES OPINION OF CONTENT _
TRUE
CANNOT
TRUE TRUE FALSE JUDGED
ICOMPLETELY/ USUALLY | FAIRLY NOT NOT PROBABLY | POSSIBLY PROBABLY [CANNOT
RELIABLE | RELIABLE [ei Ceeeere PRELUEE [OE cp pouBTFUL BE
X ip Ce pe F fh. ___|z x 2. 4. ne 2 __
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
SOURCE
13
1. Prior ae November 1951, the Soviets returned to the =
r Eest Zone abou erman specialists out of the hundreds that went to the
- (~ (W USSR. These returnees were p’ trial poeltions in ee East” _
UH Zone by the authorities and- in the a
2A eerone’ tn the Uact Zones -
there are t
an balk.
2. Firet, the Soviets sent back only those men who did not sign a document to
become menbers of the Communist Party. Such Germans would always be 6 special
security risk.
3. Second, ali the Germans that went-to-the USSR had five year contracts which '
expired during 1951, These men were all well Known, They could not dis- a
eppear without the fact-deing noticed, .
4, Third, all the Germans in the USSR worked only with top-notch Soviet ecientists
end engineers who talked the same technical-langiage.- No Soviet: military man -.-
of lower rank than General contacted them, Thus mutual confidence wee built _
up, as @ result of wich the Germans opened up fully about their past Work and
planned developments. They now suppose that the Soviets, after these five
years, no longer-need them in order to continue vork along the German lines
or otherwises— - Sa
5.
hd J Ww
ae
Approved.for Release
Dele NOL BB 84024 -/99F
“Kee
STATE EY NAVY Es ~ ; . a | d. ——H
aa xR ie ~ | Towvosr lv state LI Lh
. 387
J CIA Paperclip
Approved for Release: 2022/06/22 C00010786
Page 343
eA pproved for Release: 2022/06/22 00010786 as
le,
mc aj)
e
13.
Progent Attitude of German drecislists | :
In Germany, in the past, scientists and engineers that worked one or two
years in the guided missiles field became fanatics on the subject, Their
chief interest came to be tho solution of problems connected with this field,
Thsy always considered it-a°challenge to step ahead on virgin soil, Engineors
hai an urge to create something new and not just solve problems in-a-con=
ventional way, That 1s what made the whole business so interesting,-The —_
technical men who worked in this field would still like to start_again doing egy eee
what they lovo, namely, new guided missiles vork, rather than stay in the
quiet positions with the security they now have, At present they are for
the most part in intermediate or temporary pogitions where they cannot use
their GM experience, —------ ee
c these technical people would be glad to come to the US_when and
they get an-offer. They say "If American industry needs us and wants us,
why doesn't American industry contect_us?" They would come, not only tobe "
on the safe side, but to work in their chosen field,
in 1945 the situation was such that the Germans thought everything was lost,
The technical men offered thenselves to anyone that: made an offer-and, hence, Vv ~
they were called_the scientific mercenaries of the Tweatieth Century,
In late 1951, now that Germany is recovering, there is again a proud-feel= ~~~
ing. It will now be nocessary to convince them to take sucha turning point
in their lives as coming to the US. This. t-be done by Germans who - J
have already spent s ars in the US, it is necessary YY _
to ect now, 2: RES the spring of 1952,-there will be. ——
a reed for sxilled-people for rearmament purposes within Germany, At least
part of the-industry will work-on rearmanent and will-put these experienced
people in good-positions,.. — rs Bisel
Suggest ooedure for 6 New "Paperclip™ Project!
ee -. scarting point of a new "Paperclip" project shoyl
set up an administrative organization made up of Germans :
They would first set.” a listo : g COG Over aa
ont
28 ove bee : : his list should then
be sen the US industry, Alter the industry indicates which men it wishes
to secure, the first contact can be made with the:specialists by the German
organization with the help of one or more "Paperclips", = 99> = 00
After the German organization has convinced the prospective candidate of the Vv
desirability of coming to the US, they should be contacted by technical = s/s SV
nen fron U3 industry who can talk technical matters to them in away they can
understand, Only a technical man can correctly judge the qualifications of another _
technical man, In this way, from the first moment; there will be confidence
betwoen the G who is looking fora job and a representative of US.
iniast ry. a n= approach will be successful in getting specialists
to come over. ON ~
pproved for Release: 2022/06/22 C00010786| St
Page 344
They always considered it a challenge to stop ahead on virgin soil, Enginsers
hal an urge to crApproved for Release: 2022/06/22 C00010786robiems in a con=
ventional way, That is what made the whole business so interesting. The
technical men who worked in this field would still like to start again doing vy
what they love, namely, new guided missiles work, rather than stay in the
quiet positions with the security they now have, At present they are for
the most part in intermediate or temporary positions where they cannot use
their GM experience,
wae : —
a, C ay... technicel people would be glad to come to the US when and
—— they get an offer, They say "If American industry needs us and wants us,
why dogsn't American industry contact us?" They would come, not only tobe ”
on the safe side, but to work in their chosen field,
9. In 1945 the situation was sych that the Germans theught everything was lost,
The technical men offered themselves to anyone that made an offer and, hence, v
they were called the scientific mercenaries of the Tweatieth Century,
10, In late 1951, now_that Germany is recovering, there is again-a-proud -feel- 2
ing. It will now be necessary_to convinee them to take such a turning point |
in their lives as coming to the US, This t te dong by Germans who WA
have alreaiy spent so ars-in the US, it is necessary
ww to ect now, 02: ay the spring of 1952, there will be =~ ===
iti Cc a reed for skilled-peopls_i or_rearmament_ purposes within Germany, At least -
i part of the industry will work on rearmament and will put these experienced =. >
people in good positions, Ou aa
tl
w i : :
Suggested Procedure _f =} Xclip" Project :
12, EEE «.. scarting point of a new "Paperclip" project sho é -
w set up an administrative-organization made_up of Germans | Rees
SOS” They would first. sé g : g NT vi
Eee See, This-list should then
to the US_industry, A the industry indicates which men it wishes
to secure, the-first contact_can be mad with the specialists. by. the German
organization with the help_< *Paperclips", =
13, After the German-organization has convinced the prospective candidate of the - =, -
Fite piel ome : SS ye
desirability of coming to the US, they should be ccntacted by technical
nen from U3 industry who can_talk technical matters to them in a way they can _
understand, Only a technical man can correctly judge the qualifications of another
technical nanz—In-this way, from the first moment, there willbe “confidence :
between t pruap who.is looking for a job and a representative of US
industry, his approach will be successful in getting specialists
to come over, Re a ewig - -
u.
)
Meir, ‘ 2
or
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Page 345
Approved for Release: 2022/06/22 C00010786
ade
oe
If the sbove:plan-is used,-a Geraan will te able to come to the
work in his specialized field promptly after he makes up his mind on the.
subject.
US Vs German Working Conditions — _
16. When such a new "Paperclip" project is set up, sama German “Paperclips
specialists should be-available for thése people to talk to, so that they i
vould krow what to expect in the US, Everyone coming to a new sonny finds ~ :
there are some eis that _he doesn't like and other that he re :
o gat a decision in the_US (
they know that. something ne much iseer if they oould get. someone
to make the decision, It is hard 3 to get a clear cut answer and there
nite is a great deal-of uncertainty. The Germans are used to having one man to
decide what is to be done. How be is the problem of the
engineer, Stich matters should be exp explained_ to prospectirs. “Paperclips™
before they come over.
i
--end =...
Approved for Release: 2022/06/22 C00010786
Document: CIA FOIA document C00010786. 345 pages. Released June 22, 2022. Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act collection.
The Interference begins with a patent. US3951134, filed in 1974, describes a device for remotely monitoring and altering human brain waves without physical contact. The patent is real. The USPTO granted it.
What precedes that patent is a documented institutional record. In 1960, the CIA funded MKUltra Subproject 119 at Texas Christian University. The stated objective included techniques of activation of the human organism by remote electronic means. The contractor was unwitting. The budget was $6,370. Sidney Gottlieb signed off. In 1952, an ARTICHOKE field team produced total amnesia in two overseas subjects held in a guarded safehouse with eyes taped shut in transit. Their dispositions after the operation were outside the team's responsibility. In 1963, the CIA Inspector General recommended termination of unwitting testing on American citizens. The program ran for another decade. In 1983, a U.S. Army Intelligence report filed in the CIA's STARGATE collection treated the brain as an electromagnetic organ that could be entrained to external frequencies. Not as theory. As established fact.
The Colonial Authority in The Interference is what that timeline produces if you follow it forward rather than stop at the declassified record. The mesh program James Harlan carries inside his skull is built on the physics in these documents. The fiction begins exactly where the public record stops answering questions.